Model 17

1- التعبئة والتغليف

1) Packaging involves designing and producing the container or wrapper for a product. Traditionally the primary function of the package was to hold and protect the product. In recent times, however, numerous factors have made packaging an important marketing tool as well. Increased competition and clutter on retail store shelves means that packages must now perform many sales tasks – from attracting attention, to describing the product, to making the sale.
(2) Companies are realizing the power of good packaging to create immediate consumer recognition of brand. For example, an average supermarket stocks 45,000 items; the average Wal-Mart supercenter carries 142,000 items. The typical shopper passes by some 300 items per minute. And more than 70 percent of all purchase decisions are made in stores. In this highly competitive environment, the package may be the seller’s last and best chance to influence buyers. Thus, for many companies, the package itself has become an important promotional medium.
(3) Poorly designed packages can cause headaches for consumers and lost sale for the company. Think about all those hard-to-open packages, such as DVD cases sealed with impossibly sticky labels. Packaging with finger-splitting wire twist-tie, or sealed plastic clamshell containers that take the equivalent of the fire department’s Jaws of Life to open. Such packaging causes what amazon.com calls “wrap rage” the frustration we feel when trying to free a product from a nearly impenetrable package. “Amazon.com recently launched a multi-year initiative to alleviate wrap rage. It’s working with companies such as Fisher-Price, Mattel, Microsoft, and others to create “frustration-free packaging – smaller, easy to open recyclable packages that use less packaging material and no frustrating plastic clamshells or wire ties. These new packages not only reduce customer frustration, they also cut down on packaging waste and energy usage. “It will take many years. “says the company.” but our vision is to offer our entire catalog of products in frustration-free packaging.
(4) Innovative packaging can give a company an advantage over competitors and boost sales. Sometimes even seemingly small packaging improvements can make a big difference. For example. Heinz revolutionized the 170-year-old condiments industry by inverting the good old ketchup bottle, letting customers quickly squeeze out even the last bit of ketchup. At the same time. It adopted a fridge-door-fit shape that not only slots into shelves more easily but also has a cap that is simpler for children to open. In the four months following the introduction of the new package. Sales jumped 12 percent. What’s more the new package does double duty as a promotional tool says a packaging analyst. “When consumers see the Heinz logo on the fridge door every time they open it. It’s taking marketing inside homes.”
(5) In recent years, product safety has also become a major packaging concern. We have all learned to deal with hard-to-open “childproof” packaging. And after the rash of product tampering scares during the 1980s. most drag producers and food makers now put their products in tamper-resistant packages. In making packaging decisions, the company also must heed growing environmental concerns. Fortunately, many companies have gone “green” by reducing their packaging and using environmentally responsible packaging materials.

1- What was the main function of packaging traditionally?

2- How many items does a typical shopper pass by in a minute?

3- How many companies is Amazon working with to reduce “wrap rage”?

4-According to Paragraph (4), how did Heinz revolutionize the condiments industry?

5- What percentage increase in sales did Heinz make?

2- مجاعة البطاطس الايرلندية

(1) Under British rule, three quarters of Irish farmland was used to grow crops that were exported. The potato was the main source of food for most of the Irish people. In 1845, disaster struck. A blight or disease destroyed the potato crop. Other crops, such as wheat and oats, were not affected. Yet British landowners continued to ship these crops outside Ireland, leaving little for the Irish except the blighted potatoes. The result was a terrible famine that the Irish called the ‘Great Hunger’. In four years, about one million Irish men, women and children died of starvation or disease. Many more emigrated to the United States and Canada. The Great Hunger left a legacy of Irish bitterness toward the English.
(2) In the 1850s, some Irish militants organized the Fenian Brotherhood. Its goal was to liberate Ireland from British rule by force. In the 1870s, moderate Irish nationalists found a rousing leader in Charles Parnell. He rallied Irish members of Parliament to press for home rule, or local self-government. The debate dragged on for ages.
(3) The ‘Irish question’ disrupted English Politics. At times, political parties were so deeply split over the Irish question that they could not take care of other business. As prime minister, Gladstone pushed for reforms in Ireland, he ended the use of Irish tax money to support the British and tried to ease the hardship of Irish tenant farmers. New laws prevented landlords from charging unfair rents and protected the rights of tenants to the land they worked.
(4) Finally, in 1914. Parliament passed a home rule law. But it delayed putting the new law into effect when World War 1 broke out that year. The southern counties of Ireland finally became independent in 1921.
6- What does Paragraph (1) say about the Great Hunger?

7- Why does the writer use the word “Yet” in Paragraph (1)?

8- How did the Irish deal with the problems that followed the great Hunger?

9- What does the writer think about the “Irish question”?

10- How did Prime Minister Gladstone deal with the Irish question?

3-نظام التشغيل في الكمبيوتر

A computer is a set of resources for the movement, storage, and processing of data and for the control of these functions. The OS is responsible for managing these resources.
(1) Can we say that it is the OS that controls the movement, storage, and processing of data? From one point of view, the answer is yes: By managing the computer’s resources, the OS is in control of the computer’s basic functions. But this control is exercised in a curious way. Normally, we think of a control mechanism as something external to that which is controlled, or at least as something that is a distinct and separate part of that which is controlled. (For example, a residential heating system is controlled by a thermostat, which is separate from the heat-generation and heat-distribution apparatus.) This is not the case with the OS which as a control mechanism is unusual in two respects:
• The OS functions is the same way as ordinary computer software; that is, it is a program or suite of programs executed by the processor.
• The OS frequently relinquishes control and must depend on the processor to allow it to regain control.
(2) Like other computer programs, the OS provides instructions for the processor. The key difference is in the intent of the program. The OS directs the processor in the use of the other system resources and in the timing of its execution of other programs; But in order for the processor to do any of these things, it must cease executing, the OS program and execute other programs. Thus, the OS relinquishes control for the processor to do some “useful” work and then resumes control long enough to prepare the processor to do the next piece of work.
11- What was the writer’s main purpose?

12- What is one important idea that the writer mentions?

4-الشركات

(1) A soda company sponsoring nutrition research. An oil company helping fund a climate- related research meeting. Does the public care who’s paying for the science?
(2) In a word, yes. When industry funds science, credibility suffers. And this does not bode well for the types of public-private research partnerships that appear to be becoming more common as government funding for research and development reduces.
(3) The recurring topic of conflict of interest has made headlines in recent weeks. The National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine has revised its conflict of interest guidelines following questions about whether members of a recent expert group on GMO’s had industry connections or other financial conflicts that were not disclosed in the panel’s final report.
(4) This indicates how hard it may be for the public to see research as useful when produced with an industry partner, even when that company is just one of several collaborators. What people think of funding sources.
(5) When a research team included an industry partner, the public were generally less likely to think the scientists would consider a full range of evidence and listen to different voices. An industry partner also reduced how much participants believed any resulting data would provide meaningful guidance for making decisions.
(6) You may think that including a diverse array of partners in a research collaboration might remove the negative perceptions that come with industry involvement. But, while including scientists from a non-industry organization (Particularly a nongovernmental organization) made some difference, the effect was small. Adding a government partner provided no real additional benefit.
(7) Participants who were asked to describe what they thought about the research partnership in their own words said they were skeptical whether an industry partner could ever be trusted to release information that might hurt its profits.
(8) Stories of Pharmaceutical companies conducting less than rigorous clinical trials for the benefit of their marketing departments, or the tobacco industry steadfastly denying the connection between smoking and cancer in the face of mounting evidence, help explain public concern about industry-funded science.

13. How are the ideas that “not all evidence is considered” and “not all findings are released” related?

14. Which of the following is an opinion?

15. How is the public’s view about funding science different from the industry’s view?

16. What can we understand from the text about company-funded research?

17. What can we understand from the passage about government funding for research?

5-حاسّة السمع

Within the inner ear, thousands of hair cells detect sound waves and translate them into nerve signals that allow us to hear speech, music, and other everyday sounds. Damage to these cells is one of the leading causes of hearing loss, which affects 48 million Americans.
(1) Each of us is born with about 15,000 hair cells per ear. And once damaged. These cells cannot regrow. However. Researches at MIT. Brigham and Women’s Hospital. And Massachusetts Eye and Ear have now discovered a combination of drugs that expands the population of progenitor cells (also called supporting cells) in the ear and encourages them to become hair cells, offering a potential new way to treat hearing loss.
(2) Because this treatment involves a simple drug exposure, the researchers believe it could be easy to administer it to human patients. They envision that the drugs could be injected into the middle ear. From which they would diffuse across a membrane into the inner ear. This type of injection is commonly performed to treat ear infections.
(3) Hearing loss is a real problem as people get older. It’s very much of an unmet need, and this is an entirely new approach.

18. What is the author’s main purpose?

19. What is one important idea that the author mentions?

20. What is one important idea that the author mentions?

6-واردات النفط في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية

21– how much crude oil did the USA import every day in 2009?

22 – in which year were crude oil imports to the USA from Saudi Arabia the highest?

7-تأثير الأنسان على دورة الماء

(1) Human impact on precipitation
There are a number of ways in which human activity affects precipitation. Cloud seeding has probably been one of the more successful. Rain requires particles, such as dust and ice, to from. Seeding introduces silver iodide, solid CO2 (dry ice) or ammonium nitrate to attract water droplets.
(2) Human impact on evaporation and transpiration
The human impact on evaporation and transpiration is relatively small in relation to the rest of the hydrological cycle but is nevertheless important.
(3) Dams – there has been an increase in evaporation due to the construction of large dams. For example, Lake Nasser behind the Aswan Dam loses up to third of its water due to evaporation. Water loss can be reduced by using chemical sprays on the surface, by building sand-fill dams and by covering the dams with plastic.
(4) Urbanization leads to a huge reduction in evapotranspiration due to the Lack of vegetation. There may also be a slight increase in evaporation because of higher temperatures and increased surface storage.
(5) Human impact on infiltration and soil water
Human activity has a great impact on infiltration and soil water. Land use changes are important. Urbanization creates an impermeable surface, with compacted soil. This reduces infiltration and increases overland runoff and flood peaks. Infiltration is up to five times greater under forests compared with grassland.

23. What is one important effect of building dams?

24. What causes a deduction in evapotranspiration?

25. The word “reduction” in Paragraph (4) is closest in meaning to……”

26. The word “impact” in paragraph (5) is closest in meaning to…………..”

8-الحفاظ على البيئة الفطرية

1) The main thrust of global conservation efforts today is to protect not just individual species but entire ecosystems. The goal is to preserve the natural interactions of many species. To that end, government and conservation groups work to set aside land as parks and reserves. The United States has national parks, forests, and other protected areas. Marine sanctuaries are being created to protect coral reefs and marine mammals.
2) The challenge is protecting areas that are large enough hand that contain the right resources to protect biodiversity. To make sure that conservation efforts are concentrated in the most important places, conservation biologists have identified ecological hotspots. An ecological hotspot is a place where significant numbers of species and habitats are in immediate danger of extinction. By identifying these areas, ecologists hope that scientists and movements can better target their efforts to save as many species as possible.

27 – the word thrust in paragraph (1) is closest in meaning to …..

28 –the word extinction in paragraph (2) is closest in meaning to….

29 -the word concentrated in paragraph (2) is closest in meaning to…..

9-معدل الجريمة في أمريكا

Latin America’s homicides are rising at a time when murder is declining virtually everywhere else. Today, the regional murder rate stands at roughly 22 per 100,000 people. It will increase to 35 per 100,000 by 2030 if trends continue uninterrupted. There is no other region that comes even close to matching these rates.

30. How many homicides per 100,000 people happened in Africa in 2005?

31. What was the homicide rate per 100,000 people in Europe in 2015?

10-التحليل النفسي

What are the aims and methods of psychoanalysis?
Although most of today’s therapists do not practice therapy as Sigmund Freud did. His psychoanalytic techniques survive. Psychoanalysis is part of our modern vocabulary, and its assumptions influence many other therapies.
Psychoanalysis assumes that many psychological problems are fueled by childhood’s residue of supposedly repressed impulses and conflicts. Psychoanalysts try to bring these repressed feelings into conscious awareness, where the patient can deal with them. By gaining insight into the origins of the disorder – by fulfilling the ancient imperative to “know thyself” in a deep way – the patient “works through” the buried feelings. The theory presumes that healthier, less anxious living becomes possible when patients release the energy they had previously devoted to id-ego-superego conflicts. Psychoanalysis is historical reconstructions. Its goal is to unearth the past in hope of unmasking the present. But how?
When Freud discarded hypnosis as unreliable, he turned to free association. Imagine yourself as a patient using the free association techniques. The analyst invites you to relax, perhaps by lying on a couch. He or she will probably sit out of your line of vision. Helping you focus attention on your internal thoughts and feelings. Beginning with a childhood memory, a dream, or a recent experience, you say aloud whatever comes to tour mind from moment to moment. It sounds easy, but soon you notice how often you edit your thoughts as you speak, omitting material that seems trivial, irrelevant, or shameful. Even in the safe presence of the analyst, you may pause momentarily before uttering an embarrassing thought. You may make a joking remark or change the subject to something less threatening. Sometimes your mind may go blank or you may find yourself unable to remember important details.
To the psychoanalyst, these blocks in the flow of your free associations indicate resistance. They hint that anxiety lucks and that you are repressing sensitive materials. The analyst will want to explore these sensitive areas by making you aware of your resistances and by interpreting their underlying meaning. The analyst’s interpretations – suggestions of underlying wishes, feelings, and conflicts – aim to provide people with insight. If offered at the right moment, the analyst’s interpretation – of, say, your not wanting to talk about your mother – may illuminate what you are avoiding. You may then discover what your resistances mean and how they fit with other pieces of your psychological puzzle. Freud believed that another clue to repressed impulses is your dreams’ hidden content. Thus, after inviting you to report a dream, the analyst may offer a dream analysis, suggesting its hidden meaning.
During many such sessions you will probably disclose more of yourself to your analyst than you have ever revealed to anyone. Because psychoanalytic theory emphasizes the formative power of childhood experiences, much of what you reveal will pertain to your earliest memories. You will also probably find yourself experiencing strong positive or negative feelings for your analyst. Such feelings may express the dependency or mingled love and anger that you earlier experienced toward family members or other important people in your life. When this happens, Freud would say you are actually transferring your strongest feelings from those other relationships to the analyst. Analysts and other therapists believe that this transference exposes long-repressed feelings, giving you a belated chance to work through them with your analyst’s help. By examining your feelings toward the analyst, you may also gain insight into your current relationships.
Note how much of psychoanalysis is built on the assumption that repressed memories exist. That assumption is now questioned. This challenge to an assumption that is basic to so much of professional and popular psychology is provoking intense debate. Critics also say that psychoanalysts’ interpretations are hard to refute. If, in response to the analyst’s suggested interpretation, you say, “yes! I see now,” your acceptance confirms the analyst’s interpretation. If you emphatically say. “No! That doesn’t ring true,” your denial may be taken to reveal more resistance, which would also confirm the interpretation. Psychoanalysts acknowledge that it’s hard to prove or disprove their interpretations. But they insist that interpretations often are a great help to patients. Traditional psychoanalysis is slow and expensive. It requires up to several years of several sessions a week with a highly trained and well-paid analysts. (Three times a week for just two years at $100 or more per hour comes to about $30,000.) Only those with a high income can afford such treatment. Although there are relatively few traditional psychoanalysts. Psychoanalytic assumptions influence many therapists. Especially those who make psychodynamic assumptions. Psychodynamic therapists try to understand patients’ current symptoms by exploring their childhood experiences. They probe for supposed repressed, emotion-laden information. They seek to help people gain insight into the unconscious roots of problems and work through newly resurrected feelings. Although influenced by Freud’s psychoanalysis, these therapists may talk to people face to face (rather than out of the line of vision), once a week (rather than several times weekly). And for only a few weeks or months (rather than several years).

32. What two things from childhood feed psychological problems?

33. What two things can psychoanalysis begin with?

34. What are two characteristics of traditional psychoanalysis?

11-الكتابة الأكاديمية

1) There are four main types of academic writing and each of these writing styles is used for a specific purpose.
2) Expository writing is one of the most common types of writing. When an author writes in an expository style, all they are trying to do is to explain a concept, imparting information from themselves to a wider audience. Expository writing does not include the author’s opinion but focused on accepted facts about a topic, including statistics or other evidence.
3) Descriptive writing is often found in fiction, though it can make an appearance in nonfiction as well (memories, first hand, accounts of events, or travel guides). When an author writes in a descriptive style, they are painting a picture in words of a person, place or thing for their audience. The author might employ a metaphor or other literary devices in order to describe the author’s impressions. But the author is not trying to convince the audience of anything or explain the scene.
4) Persuasive writing is the main style of writing used in academic papers. When the author writes in a persuasive style, they are trying to convince the audience of a position or belief. Persuasive writing contains the author’s as evidence of the correctness of their position. Any “argumentative” Essay written in school should be in the persuasive style of writing.
5) Narrative writing is used almost every longer. Piece of writing, whether fiction or nonfictions. When an author writes in a narrative style, they are not trying to import information, they are trying to construct and communicative a story, complete with characters, conflict and settings.

35.What is the main idea of the passage?

36.What does the paragraph (2) about expository writing?

37.What does the paragraph (3) about descriptive writing?

37.What does the paragraph (5) about narrative writing?

38-the word audience in paragraph (3) is closest in meaning to…..

39-the word nonfiction in paragraph (3) is closest in meaning to…..

40-the word they in paragraph (5) refer to …..

12-ملفات تعريف الارتباط

(1) A cookie is a packet of information sent by a web server to a web browser. Cookies are generated each time the user visits the website. A message is frequently displayed saying “cookies are required to access this site” 9or some equivalent message). Every time a user visit the website, cookies will have collected some key information about the used. There are able to carry out user tracking and also maintain user preference. (for example, when a user buys an electronic device on a music website, the cookies will have remembered the user’s previous buying habits and a message like this often followed “customers who bought items in your recent history also bought……”.
(2) cookies aren’t programs but are simply pieces of data. They can’t actually perform any operations. They only allow the detection of webpages viewed by a user on a particular website and store users preferences as described above.
(3) the information gathered by cookies forms an anonymous user profile and doesn’t contain personal information (such as credit card, numbers or passwords). Because of the information they do collect, however, they are subject to privacy and security concerns. Cookies do not in themselves present a threat to privacy , since they can only be used to store information, that the user volunteered or that web serves already has whilst it is possible that this information could be made available to specific third party website, this is no worse than strong it in a central database.
37-Why is the author write this passage?

38- What are cookies?

39- Which sentence is correct?