Model 29

1-حريق هائل

(1) Over the roar of the fire, Mike heard Ben shout, “Hurry! The fire is almost on us!” Mike’s arms were sore and tired, but he swung his axe even faster. He didn’t even stop to wipe the tears from his stinging eyes. The greedy fire kept coming. The more the fire destroyed, the more it wanted. Mike worked shoulder to shoulder with the other smokejumpers to build a firebreak. His only thought was to stop the flaming monster that was raging through the forest.
(2) At last, the smokejumpers finished the firebreak. If the fire were powerful enough, it would jump over the firebreak that they had worked so hard to make. Then they would have to start all over again. Mike stood motionless, his face black with ash, his shirt wet with sweat. He was too exhausted to move because he had given all of himself to fighting the fire. He turned his head and noticed Ben watching him.
(3) Suddenly all that Ben had taught Mike about proving his bravery was clear. A man was not brave if he did something just to prove his courage. He was brave only when he forgot about himself. Today Mike had showed that he cared very much about the others with whom he was working.

1. According to Paragraph (2), Mike was too exhausted to move because ………

2. According to Paragraph ( 3 ) , Ben taught Mike that being brave involves …..

3. The pronoun his in Paragraph ( 3 ) refers to ……………

2-الباندا العملاق

1) An American-born giant panda will soon be travelling to China. The Chinese government has an agreement with foreign zoos to lend giant pandas out only for scientific study. After a few years, they, and any cubs they may produce, must all be returned to China. Mei Lan, a three year-old female, is being prepared for her trip to China, where her parents were born. A special FedEx flight from the U.S. is being arranged for her.
2) Chinese Zookeepers are getting ready for her arrival by planning a special diet, and even language lessons for her. They are advertising for a tutor to teach Mei Lan Chinese. The caretakers at her new home, the Chengdu Panda Research Center in Sichuan, want to help her adapt quickly and feel comfortable in her new environment. Mei Lan has lived at a zoo in the city of Atlanta, Georgia, since her birth, and she is unfamiliar with Chinese. The teacher must have a bachelor’s degree or higher and be fluent in both English and Chinese.

4. According to Paragraph (2), why do the Chinese zookeepers want Mei Lan to learn Chinese?

5. According to Paragraph ( 2 ) , where has Mei Lan been living ? 

3-المنظمة الربحية

( 1 ) Not – for – profit organizations contribute to a large part of economic activity in the United States . They are clearly very powerful in the business world , even though their focus on goals other than profit falls outside the traditional model of a for profit business . But it is this move away from a focus on profit that allows them to follow their aims of social improvement and contribute to profit as a whole . To be truly useful in a not – for profit organization , a person must share the organization’s vision .
( 2 ) The vision for Team was created by its founders , Jake Wood and William McNulty , who saw the devastation , caused by the Haiti carthquake in 2010 and immediately took action . Both former soldiers , Wood and McNulty knew they could do something to help in this terrible situation . Within 24 hours , they had found the help of six other former soldiers , collected money , food and medicines from friends and family , and made their way to Haiti to help , and Team Rubicon was born .
( 3 ) The organization gets its name from the Rubicon , a river in northern Italy that Julius Caesar and his army crossed on their historical march to Rome , with the river showing the point of no return . The name mirrors the founders ‘ experiences during the Haitian disaster , where despite advice from the government and other aid organizations not to go ahead , their small team crossed into Haiti from the Dominican Republic carrying essential equipment and medicines to thousands of earthquake victims .
( 4 ) Seven years later , Team Rubicon has two main aims : to pair the skills and experiences of former soldiers with emergency workers to be ready for any type of disaster and to provide a sense of community and achievement to former soldiers who have served their country but may be experiencing problems as a result of their war experiences .
( 5 ) According to the organization’s mission statement , Team Rubicon aims to provide former soldiers with three things that they sometimes lose after leaving the army : a purpose , gained through disaster relief , a sense of community , built by working with others ; and a feeling of self – worth from recognizing the positive effect individual can make when helping others .
( 6 ) With its head office in the Los Angeles area . Team Rubicon has more than 60 employees who work in 10 regions around the country ,along with more than 40.000 volunteers who are ready to move into action within 24 hours . Similar to company operations in for profit organizations , staff positions at Team Rubicon include local administrators ; field operations ( including membership and training ) ; marketing , communications , and social media ; fundraising and partnership development , finance and accounting , and people operations .
( 7 ) Team Rubicon’s stall members bring professional and / or military experience to their daily jobs . but they all Share the organization’s vision . Many staff members started as volunteers for Team Rubicon while working in for – profit careers , while other took advantage of the organization’s strong training program to become familiar with its aims .
( 8 ) In 2016. Team Rubicon trained 8.000 former soldiers and emergency workers in disaster relief and responded to 16 disasters , which required more than 85.000 volunteer hours . In addition to donations from individuals . Companies and other organizations . Team Rubicon relies on its partnerships with companies , such as Southwest Airlines , which provides hundreds of free plane tickets each year to fly volunteers to disaster sites .
( 9 ) Team Rubicon engages its nationwide community at every level of the organization , from volunteer to board member , and every step of its operation : from training to planning to implementation to looking for and finding donations and volunteers to help with any type of disaster relief . Over the past several years .Team Rubicon has been recognized as one of the top non – profits to work for by The Non – Profit Times , based on employee surveys and business partners ‘ opinions about the organization’s work environment .

6. In 2016 , how many disasters did Rubicon respond ?

7. Where is Rubicon’s head office ?

8. From what country did Team Rubicon cross into Haiti ? 

4-المغول والمناخ

( 1 ) New research by tree – ring scientists from Columbia University’s Lamont -Doherty Earth Observatory and West Virginia University may have uncovered the reason why an obscure band of nomadic Mongol horsemen were able to sweep through much of Asia in a few meteoric decades 800 years ago , conquering everything in their path : They enjoyed an unprecedented , and yet – to – be – repeated , 15 – year run of bountiful rains and mild weather on the normally cold and arid steppes .
( 2 ) By sampling tree rings in the gnarled and twisted Siberian pines in the Hangay Mountains in central Mongolia , the team pieced together a remarkably precise chronology of local climatic conditions stretching from the year 900 A.D. to the present . The study , published in the National Academy of Science offers a new interpretation of why the Mongols suddenly went on the move .
( 3 ) The traditional view has been that the Mongols were desperately fleeing harsh conditions in their craggy , mountainous homeland . The Lamont – Doherty team , however , found just the opposite : Between 1211 and 1225_ a period that neatly coincides with the rise of Genghis Khan and the Mongol empire , central Mongolia enjoyed a spell of sustained benign weather unlike anything the region has experienced during at least the past 1.100 years and probably much longer
( 4 ) ” What makes our new record distinctive is that we can see 15 straight years of above – average moisture , ” says the study’s lead author . Neil Pedersen , a tree – ring scientist with the Lamond – Doherty Earth Observatory . ” It falls during an important period in Mongol histone and is singular

9. What is one idea related to the Mongols in Paragraph ( 1 ) ?

10. What is one important idea related to the period between 1211-1225 that the writer mentions in paragraph ( 3 ) ? 

11. Why does the writer mention Siberian pines ? 

12. What is the main topic of the passage ? 

5-إدارة المخزون

( 1 ) Inventory , or the amount of material a company holds can affect customer satisfaction . Here , managers must maintain the delicate balance between carrying too little inventory and carrying too much . With too little stock , the firm risks not having products which customers want to buy . To remedy this , the firm may need costly emergency shipments or production . Carrying too much inventory results in higher – than – necessary inventory – carrying costs and out – of – date stock . Thus in managing inventory , firms must balance the costs of carrying larger inventories against resulting sales and profits .
( 2 ) Many companies have greatly reduced their inventories and related costs though just – in – time logistics systems . With such systems , producers and retailers carry only small inventories of points or merchandise , often only enough for a few days of operations . New stock arrives exactly when needed , rather than being stored in inventory until being used . Just – in – time systems acquire accurate forecasting along with fast , frequent and flexible delivery so that new supplies will be available when needed . However , these systems result in substantial savings in inventory – carrying and handling Costs .
( 3 ) Marketers are always looking for new ways to make inventory management more efficient in the not – too- distant future . Handling inventory might even became fully automated . For example , smart tag technology by which small transmitter clips are embedded more placed on products and packaging on everything from flowers and razors to tires . Smart products could make the entire supply chain – which accounts for nearly 75 percent of a product’s cost intelligent and automated .

13. What does paragraph ( 1 ) say about inventories ?

14. What do firms do to avoid keeping higher than necessary inventories ? 

15. Why does the writer use the word ” However ” in Paragraph (2)?

16. Which word can we use to replace ” Thus ” in paragraph ( 1 ) ? 

17. How does the writer feel  about the future of inventories ? 

6-الحبل الشوكي

(1) The spinal cord is an information highway connecting the nervous system to the brain. Ascending neural areas send up sensory information, and descending areas send back motor-control information. A look at the neural pathways that control our reflexes, our automatic responses to stimuli, shows the spinal cord’s work. A simple spinal-reflex path is composed of a single sensory neuron and a single motor neuron, which often communicate through an interneuron.
(2) One such path makes up the pain reflex. When your fingers touch a hot stove, neural activity excited by the heat travels via sensory neurons to interneurons in your spinal cord. These interneurons respond by activating motor neurons to the muscles in your arm, causing you to jerk your hand away.
(3) Because the simple pain-reflex pathway runs through the spinal cord and out, you jerk your hand from a candle’s flame before your brain receives and responds to the information that causes you to feel pain. Information travels to and from the brain by way of the spinal cord. Were the top of your spinal cord severed, you would not feel such pain. Or pleasure. Your brain would literally be out of touch with your body. Thus, you would lose all sensation and voluntary movement in body regions whose sensory and motor neurons connect with the spinal cord below its point of injury.

18- What helps information travel up and down the spine?

19. The word descending in Paragraph ( 1 ) is closest in meaning to …………..

20. According to Paragraph ( 2 ) . What finally makes you take your hand away from something hot? 

21. When would your brain stop receiving information from the spinal cord ?

22. The word flame in paragraph ( 3 ) is closest in meaning to ……………………….

7-ارتفاع درجات الحرارة

1 ) Another deadly heat wave has arrived in Europe this week . Record temperatures went over 37.8 degrees Celsius ( 100 degrees Fahrenheit ) in parts of France , ( Germany , Poland and Spain , with hotter days to come . The same thing happened in 2018 when record – breaking heat was responsible for 700 deaths in Sweden and more than 250 in Denmark , countries that have never needed air conditioning before this new era of extreme climate change events.
( 2 ) Europe’s five hottest summers in the past 500 years have all occurred in the last 15 years , not including this summer . All have been deadly . The 2003 heat wave was the worst , having led to the deaths of over 70.000 people ; in 2010 ,56,000 people died in Russia alone
( 3 )these extreme heat events all connected to a slower jet stream that locks weather systems into place . Studies have linked the slowdown in the jet stream – the band of high altitude winds that sweep around the globe from west to east to last summer’s unprecedented droughts , heat waves , wildfires , and flooding events across the entire Northern Hemisphere . This is also likely to be behind India’s weak monsoon rains and the widespread flooding in certain areas of the U.S. this year .
( 4 ) The loss of sea ice in the Arctic is increasing temperatures in the northern regions of our planet , and that is disrupting the natural jet stream patterns . Jet stream winds are driven by the temperature difference between the icy air of the arctic and hot air from the tropics . A rapidly warming arctic – this past winter it saw its lowest ever ice cover – reduces that temperature difference and slows the jet stream .
( 5 ) Like a slow moving river , a slower jet stream forms deep curves and turns ,which can slow down during the summer . sometimes for weeks . Weather patterns are also delayed with them , whether they are heat waves or expected rains .
( 6 ) Temperatures in Europe are nowhere near as hot as India’s current month long heat wave , where temperatures on the Asian subcontinent reached 51 ° C ( 123 ° F ) . Most Europeans , particularly in the north . are unused to anything over 29 ° C ( 85 ° F ) . Air conditioning also remains rare in Europe . It is found in less than five percent of homes in France . For example , and less than two percent of German homes . As a result , the struggles of temperatures reaching 40 ° C in June will abilities of Europeans to deal with the hotter years ahead.
( 7 ) The number of heat wave European cities are nearly of the surrounding suburban and rural landscape because of the urban heat island effect . Concrete and asphalt absorb heat during the day and release it at night , which keeps urban areas hotter . Without major cuts in carbon emissions , which are released into the air when we burn fossil fuels , scientists argue that the number of heat wave days in cities are likely to increase 10 times by the end of this country .
( 8 ) European governments and citizens are debating what to do about the increasing heat . Some would argue that people should just buy air conditioners to keep their homes cool . However , air conditioning increases energy use , which will turn increase carbon emissions across European countries . Both governments and citizens are wary of increasing carbon emissions because it would lock them in a cycle that would increase the negative effects of climate change . Now these European countries face a dilemma . Although the majority of citizens in Europe want more government action to reduce carbon emissions , as the temperatures continue to increase , the demand for air conditioning units will also continue to rise .
( 9 ) Europe learned valuable lessons from the 2003 heat wave , which killed more than 70.000 people across the continent . Governments have take several actions to ensure that death tolls would be more limited during this heat wave . For example , Paris , which experienced many deaths in 2003 , is much better prepared this time around . Government officials have emergency services in place and there has been a strong campaign to raise awareness of the dangers of the heat wave around the city . Some schools in France have also closed since most of them do not have air conditioners . The local governments have also set up cooling areas and temporary water fountains in busy city areas .
( 10 ) Paris has relatively little green space and has been working for years on how to ” green up ” and introduce more plants in order to counter the heat held by stone and concrete . Paris officials also plan to keep 13 large parks open all night during the anticipated heat wave because the temperature there would be one or two degrees lower than in the rest of the city .There are also plans to keep public swimming pools open later to encourage people to swim at night in order to cool down from the heat . In Paris , older cars have also banned from use city to reduce the city’s air pollution . Which increases during a heat wave .

23. What two things are needed to have jet stream winds ?

24. What two things could increase heat waves in European cities ? 

25. what are two ways paris is lighting the heat wave ? 

8-وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي

1- Social media has become an integral part of the Internet, and it’s no different in India than it is anywhere else. The digital landscape in India is evolving, and social media use in India follows suit with every small change. Social media have come to play an increasingly large role in the lives of Indians, from their relationships to their careers to the ways they spend their free time. Social media in India has grown by leaps and bounds over the past few years, with more users logging on every day to share their experiences and thoughts with the world, build their personal brands, and learn about others through content shared by them or their peers.

2- WhatsApp is the most popular messenger app in India with around 534.30 active users. Metaowned WhatsApp has 81.20% of the country’s total internet users. The second most popular on the list is Telegram (374.40 million users), with 56.90% penetration. The third is Facebook Messenger (324.39 million users), which is really popular among teenagers, has 49.30% users. Fourth in the list of 2022 social media chat apps is Snapchat with 42.90% users.

3- The average Indian social media user spends 17 hours on the platforms each week. On average, Indian users spend 2.4 hours on social media a day (slightly below the global average of 2.5 hours a day). Media consumers in India spent as many as 108 minutes per day on average on YouTube, making it the most popular online media. Meanwhile, the short video format app TikTok had the least frequent consumption with users spending a little over 20 minutes on the platform per day.Indians spend about 2% of their time on Snapchat.

26. What percentage of social media minutes did Indians use Snapchat ?

9-العدوان لدى الأطفال

( 1 ) Most parents do not enjoy watching their children misbehave . Bad behavior by children often results in bad behavior by parents . The first idea that has to go is that poor parenting is what makes children misbehave or behave badly . The cause of the child’s behavior may lie in psychological problems ; it may even lie in the biology of the child . Whatever the reason , the important issue is how parents respond when children act out .
(2 )Aggressive behavior starts early in children’s lives . A study looked at children 6 to 24 months of age . Mothers reported how often their children acted out , or displayed poor behavior . They cited kicking , hitting , pulling hair , biting and even hurting animals . The most common actions were hitting or smacking another person . The least common action was hurting animals . Hitting someone peaked at 18 months when eight of 10 kids were hitting and smacking other people . Kicking , pushing and throwing things peaked at 20 months . The ” terrible twos ” started before the age two.
( 3 ) Pediatricians can assure parents that these behaviors are normal in small children . The big job is to guide parents on how to deal with their children when they behave this way . From the start , parents should set limits . They need to respond in ways that may help redirect or distract a child . This would help a child go from misbehaving to a more positive behavior . Pediatricians believe these approaches work . It seems certain that positive responses such as these are better than anger. The most common actions were hitting or smacking another person . The least common action was hurting animals . Hitting someone peaked at 18 months when eight of 10 kids were hitting and smacking other people . Kicking , pushing and throwing things peaked at 20 months . The ” terrible twos ” started before the age two .
( 4 ) The such as these are b intensity , and I of the bad behavior are also important. There are some questions that parents must also consider . Does the child have any issues that he or she is dealing with ? Does the child have friends ? Some children may show signs of depression when they have had a negative experience . The answers to these questions may explain why the child is acting out .

( 5 ) Parents often use their instincts in dealing with their children without considering what is causing the misbehavior . They may respond with anger , threats . and punishment . A better way is to plan in order to avoid potential conflicts . For example , if getting ready for school is a problem , parents can come up with ways to make it easier . This would help them to avoid potential problems before they start .

28. Which of the following is a fact ?

29. How is the writer’s view about children’s bad behavior different from the parents ‘ view ?

30. What can we understand about parents from Paragraph ( 3 ) ?

31. What can we understand about parents in Paragraph ( 5 ) ?

10-علم التشريح البشري

Passage A : Human Anatomy
( 1 ) Human Anatomy is the scientific study of the body’s structures. It is significant so we know how the structure or organs are supposed to work correctly . Some of those structures are very small and can only be observed and analyzed with this assistance of a microscope . Other larger structures can readily be seen manipulated , measured , and weighed the word ” anatomy ” comes from a Greek root cut means ” to cut apart . ” Human anatomy was first studied by observing the exterior of the body and observing the wounds of soldiers and other injuries . Later , physicians were allowed to dissect , or cut open . bodies of the dead to increase their knowledge .
( 2 ) When a body is dissected , its structures are cut apart in order to observe their physical attributes and their relationships to one another . Dissection is still used in medical schools , anatomy courses , and in pathology labs . In order to observe structures in living people . however , a number of imaging techniques have been developed . These techniques allow clinicians to see structures inside the living body such as a cancer or a fractured bone .
( 3 ) Like most scientific disciplines , anatomy has areas of specialization . Gross anatomy is the study of die larger structures of the body , those visible without the aid magnification . Macro- means ” large , thus : gross anatomy is also referred to as macroscopic anatomy . In contrast , micro means ” small ” and microscopic anatomy is the study of structures that can be observed only with the use of a microscope or other magnification devices .
Passage B : Human Physiology
( 1 ) Whereas anatomy is about structure , physiology is about function . Human physiology is the scientific study of the chemistry and physics of the structures of the body and the ways in which they work together to support the functions of life . It began in France over 200 years ago with a scientist named Claude Bernard . Much of the study of physiology centers on the body’s tendency toward homeostasis . Homeostasis is the state of steady internal conditions maintained by living things . The study of physiology certainly includes observation , both with the naked eye and with microscopes , as well as manipulations and id measurements . However ,current advances in physiology usually depend on carefully y designed laboratory experiments that reveal the of the many structures and chemical compounds that ma up the human body and establish the foundation upon which we build our knowledge of how to treat disease .
( 2 ) Like anatomists , physiologists typically specialize in a particular branch of physiology . For example , neurophysiology is the study of tic brain , spinal cord .And nerves and how these work together to perform functions as complex and diverse as vision , movement , and thinking . Physiologists may work from the organ level ( exploring , for example , what different pats of the brain do ) to the molecular level ( such as electrochemical signal travels along nerves ) .
( 3 ) Form is closely related to functioning how things . For example , the thin flap of your eyelid can snap down to clear away dust particles and almost instantaneously slide back up to allow you to see again . At the microscopic level ,

32. Which of the following best summarize anatomy and physiology from passage . A and B ?

33. What can be understood from the passage about the early period of anatomy and physiology ? 

34. According to Passages A ad B , it is important to know about anatomy and physiology ……………………?

35. What do Passages A and B say about the study of anatomy and physiology ?

11-النحل

(1) The Holy Quran tells us that insects form communities Surat al-An’am, 38) and that they can communicate more than 1,400 years afterwards, has accepted that this information is indeed correct. Now, scientists in the United Kingdom are learning that some of these amazing creatures may also have feelings and emotions similar to those of humans.
(2) At Newcastle University, they are trying to discover how some insects feel. In recent years, honeybee numbers have been declining worldwide at a disturbing rate. Many explanations have been given for this. Some say the bees are dying because of disease and pesticides. Others say it may be due to pollution or microwave towers. At any rate, this is a very serious situation, for humans as well as for the bees. At least one-third of the world’s crops depend on bees. Farmers are worried. What about the bees? How do they feel? Are they scared, sad or depressed?
(3) The researchers trained a group of bees to tell the difference between two smells. After one smell, they were always given a sweet sugar reward. After the other smell, they were given a bitter substance. They quickly learned to choose the smell with the sweet prize and to stick out their tongues to get it. The scientists wanted to see what the bees would do if they were put in a stressful situation. They shook up half of the bees, to make them think they were in danger. These stressed bees refused to put out their tongues for new smells, and only chose the old smell which they knew would be followed by a sweet treat. Even though there was an equal chance that a strange smell would taste good, it seemed they believed it would taste bad and were afraid to try it. These bees had become “pessimists”. The other half-the unstressed bees were much more likely to try tastes from new smells, thus remaining “optimists”.
(4) When humans are stressed, anxious, worried or depressed, they have lower levels of the brain hormone serotonin. So did the stressed bees. This may mean that the feelings of anxious and stressed bees are similar to those of humans with mood disorders. This knowledge, along with further investigations into bee behavior and “feelings” can hopefully be used to understand and remedy their declining numbers, for their sake and for ours.

36. The words these amazing creatures in Paragraph 1) refer to ……

37. Why are bees important to humans ? 

38. Which paragraph describes how the scientists trained the bees?