Model 34

1-الذهب

The Pony Express was a system that delivered mail on horseback between Missouri and California. The service lasted for only about a year and a half in the early 1860s. Nevertheless, the Pony Express is well remembered in stories about the American West.Beginning in the 1840s many people from the eastern United States began to move to the west. The discovery of gold in California in 1848 and in Colorado and Nevada in 1859 brought thousands of explorers in search of riches. Other people came to settle the land or to start a new life. By 1860 some 40,000 members of the religious group known as Mormons had settled in what is now Utah. The population of Oregon also greatly increased. The new settlers often came into conflict with the Native Americans who already lived on the land. More settlers continued to arrive, however. Mail from the East took a long time to reach these people. In 1851 the United States government arranged to send mail to California and Oregon by sea. However, it took about a month for a letter to travel from New York to California. Then a stagecoach service was begun, but this took 24 days. The people in the West demanded faster mail service. The idea of using fast horses or ponies to carry mail may have come from F.X. Aubrey, who hauled goods down the Santa Fe Trail in freight wagons. The Santa Fe Trail was an important commercial route during the mid-19th century. On his trips from Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico, Aubrey left horses along the trail with traders and others. On his return by horseback, he changed a tired horse for a fresh one.

1. When did they discover gold?

2. Who was the first to ride the Pony?

3. How long did it take for a letter to travel from New York to California?

2-فيتامين دال

Vitamin D can be synthesized by the skin when exposed to UVB radiation. Therefore, inhabitants of northern Antarctica with a short exposure to sunlight are at considerable risk of experiencing vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D (VD) deficiency is a health condition that affects an important proportion of the worldwide population. VD deficiency can lead to bone mineralization defects such as rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. Also, studies in the general population have shown an association of VD deficiency with increased bone fracture risk and other health problems.

4.Why do the inhabitants of northern Antarctica experience vitamin D deficiency?

5.How long is the bridge in Thailand?

6.Where is the shortest bridge?

4-الورق

1) The paper we use today is made by machine. Trees are cut up and processed into a mixture called wood pulp. The pulp, containing tiny cellulose fibers, is pressed and rolled out to form sheets of paper.
2) The first manmade writing material was not paper. About 4,000 years
ago, the ancient Egyptians took the fibrous stems of the papyrus plant, flattened them, laid them crosswise and pressed them down to stick them together. When dried, this made a piece of papyrus that could be written on.
3) Paper was first made in China around the year 105 CE by a man called Ts’ailun. He found a way to make paper from the stringy inner bark of the mulberry tree. The bark was pounded in water to separate the fibers. This mixture was then poured into a bamboo tray to let the water drain out. After that, the soft mat of paper was moved onto a smooth, flat surface to dry. Later, someone discovered that the paper could be improved by brushing it with starch to make it stronger.
4) Chinese traders travelled around Asia as far as Samarkand. There, they met with Arab merchants who learned the secret of making paper and took it to Spain. Afterwards, the art of papermaking spread throughout the rest of Europe.
5) Since then, many kinds of machines have been invented and improved methods discovered for making paper. One of the most important, for example, was a machine developed in France in 1798. This machine could make a continuous sheet or web of paper. Before, paper could only be produced in separate sheets.

7. According to Paragraph 2), what did the early Egyptians use to make
their writing material?

8. The word them in Paragraph 2) refers to ……

9. The first real paper was made in …….

10. Who introduced the paper-making process to Europe?

11. Which component is necessary for making both paper and papyrus?

5–حالة الطقس

Strong winds will raise dust and sand, reducing visibility over the northern and central Kingdom between Makkah and Madinah, with the possibility of increasing temperatures over these regions. Suspended haze will spread over Qassim, Hail and northern parts of the Riyadh region, limiting visibility and making driving hazardous. Parts of the central and eastern Kingdom will be partly cloudy, with chances of rain. Storm clouds may form over the southwestern and Western highlands, including Abha, Baha and Taif.

12. Which parts of the Kingdom may receive rain?

13. The forecast for Makkah and Medina is ……

14. Which city may expect to see storm clouds?

15. Where will it probably be difficult to see clearly while driving?

6-التشغيل الآلي

( 1 ) Knowing how and where robots and machines could impact the global economy will help financial executives in a competitive edge in their industries But predicting which countries are likely to be impacted most by workforce automation and when isn’t as simple as comparing industries across the globe A recent McKinsey Global Institute report .
( 2 ) A Future That Works : Automation , Employment , and Productivity . Analyzed the automation potential of 46 countries , representing 80 % of the global workforce . Several factors are considered , including the percentage of work activities that could be automated using current technology , the number full – time employees that could be affected and wages The types of activities that have a high potential for automation are physical tasks in highly structured and predictable environments, data processing and data collection .
( 3 ) Those that have a considerably lower potential for automation are unpredictable physical work , interactions with others , applying expertise , and managing others , which is the least susceptible to automation Vast differences are expected in how automation will play out across the globe , as technical , economic , and social factors will determine the pace and extent of it .
( 4 ) But it’s hard to say how quickly automation will become reality ,according to the report Take manufacturing.
( 5 ) For example One country may save a larger concentration of work hours in jobs that have higher automation potential , such as production and administrative support . And another country may have a higher proportion of work hours in jobs that are less likely to be automated , such as management and engineering.

16. What idea do the words ” susceptible to automation “repeat ?

17. What can we understand from Paragraph (2) about the McKinsey Global Institute research?

18. Which of the following is an opinion in the passage?

19. Which of the following is a fact? 

20. What idea do the words “administrative support” repeat?

21. What can we understand from Paragraphs (4) and (5) about automation around the world? 

7-البناء الضوئي

(1) All living organisms need food. They need it as a source of raw materials to build new cells and tissues as they grow. They also need food as a source of energy. Food is a kind of ‘fuel’ that drives essential living processes and brings about chemical changes. Animals take in food, digest it and use the digested products to build their tissues or to produce energy.
(2) Plants also need energy and raw materials but, apart from a few insect eating species, plants do not appear to take in food. The most likely source of their raw materials would appear to be the soil. However, experiments show that the weight gained by a growing plant is far greater than the weight lost by the soil it is growing in. So there must be additional sources of raw materials.
(3) Jean-Baptiste van Helmont was a Dutch scientist working in the 17th century. At that time very little was known about the process of photosynthesis. He carried out an experiment using a willow shoot. He planted the shoot in a container with 90.8 kg of dry soil and placed a metal grill over the soil to prevent any accidental gain or loss of mass. He left the shoot for 5 years in an open yard, providing it with only rainwater and distilled water for growth. After 5 years he reweighed the tree and the soil and came to the conclusion that the increase in mass of the tree (74.7 kg) was due entirely to the water it had received. However, he was unaware that plants also take in mineral salts and carbon dioxide, or that they use light as a source of energy.

22. How is the author’s view of “increase in mass” in trees different from the Dutch scientist, Helmont’s view?

23. What word other than food does the writer use to talk about the need of all living things?

24. What can we understand from the passage about the source of food hypothesis?

25. What can we understand from Paragraph (3) about Helmont’s experiment?

8-الأسماك

(1) Fish are cold-blooded vertebrates that live in water. They differ greatly in size, shape, color and habits. Some fish may look like worms, while others may resemble rocks. All the colors of the rainbow can be found in fish. Some fish are very brightly colored while others can be very dull.
(2) Fish can live in almost any conditions of water. They can live in the freezing waters of Antarctica, hot jungle streams, lakes and fast flowing mountain rivers. Nearly all fish get their oxygen from water. Although we cannot see it, water does contain oxygen. To get this oxygen, the fish forces water through its gills. The gills absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide into the water which then passes out through the gills.
(3) Scientists have found over 21,000 different kinds of fish. They continue to find more species each year. Scientists who study fish are called ichthyologists. Fish are truly amazing animals to study and observe.

26.What is the main idea of the passage?

27. The word resemble in Paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to……………

28. The word it in Paragraph 2) refers to ……

29. According to Paragraph 3), it is expected that in the new Norma the scientists will find more

9-البرمجيات الحرة

Freeware
(1) Freeware is software a user can download from the internet free of charge. Once it has been downloaded. there are no fees associated with using the software (examples include: Adobe, Skype or media players). Unlike free software, freeware is subject to copyright laws and users are often requested to tick a box to say they understand and agree to the terms and conditions governing the software. This basically means that a user is not allowed to study or modify the source code in any way.
Shareware
(2) In this case, users are allowed to try out some software free of charge for a trial period. At the end of the trial period, the author of the software will request that you pay a fee if you like it. Once the fee is paid. a user is registered with the originator of the software and free updates and help are then provided. Very often, the trial version of the software is missing some of the features found in the full version, and these don’t become available until the fee is paid. Obviously, this type of software is fully protected by copyright laws and a user must make sure they don’t use the source code in any of their own software. Permission needs to be obtained before this software is copied and given to friends. family or colleagues.

30. What does Paragraph (1) say about freeware?

31. Which sentence gives the main idea of Paragraph (1)?

32. What does Paragraph (2) say about shareware’s trial period?

33. Which of the following statements about shareware Paragraph (2) support?