Model 20

1-البرمجيات الحرة

Freeware
(1) Freeware is software a user can download from the internet free of charge. Once it has been downloaded. there are no fees associated with using the software (examples include: Adobe, Skype or media players). Unlike free software, freeware is subject to copyright laws and users are often requested to tick a box to say they understand and agree to the terms and conditions governing the software. This basically means that a user is not allowed to study or modify the source code in any way.
Shareware
(2) In this case, users are allowed to try out some software free of charge for a trial period. At the end of the trial period, the author of the software will request that you pay a fee if you like it. Once the fee is paid. a user is registered with the originator of the software and free updates and help are then provided. Very often, the trial version of the software is missing some of the features found in the full version, and these don’t become available until the fee is paid. Obviously, this type of software is fully protected by copyright laws and a user must make sure they don’t use the source code in any of their own software. Permission needs to be obtained before this software is copied and given to friends. family or colleagues.

1. What does Paragraph (1) say about freeware?

2. Which sentence gives the main idea of Paragraph (1)?

3. What does Paragraph (2) say about shareware’s trial period?

4. Which of the following statements about shareware Paragraph (2) support?

2-الاستدامة في بنجلاديش

(1) If small, largely urbanized countries such as Singapore and small island states such as the Maldives are not considered, then Bangladesh has the highest population density in the world. At 1,062 people per km2 its population density is about twenty times the global average. It compares with 383 per km2 in India and 141 per km2 in China – two countries that many people associate with over – population. Over – population cannot be judged by population density alone, but it is a useful starting point when considering the relationship between population and resources in a country.
(2) The lack of natural resources is a major factor in over – population in Bangladesh, as is rapid population growth. The current rate of natural increase in Bangladesh is 1.6 per cent. When Bangladesh became an independent country in 1971 its population was about 75 million, just under half of the total today! The Population Reference Bureau estimates that the population of Bangladesh will rise to 183 million by 2025 and 226 million by 2050. There is already intense competition for the available resources in Bangladesh. How will the country cope in the future when it is already experiencing large-scale poverty and so many other problems?
(3) Extremely high population pressure and the deprivation associated with it is characteristic of both rural and urban areas. Four – fifths of the population live in rural areas. The very small amount of cultivable land per person has resulted in a very high level of rural poverty. Most families have to survive on extremely small plots of land. This means that there is not enough work available for many people. About 40 per cent of the population is underemployed, working a limited number of hours a week at low wages. Underemployment is not just confined to the countryside, but affects urban areas too.
(4) The regular threat of cyclones and flooding makes this problem much worse. Eighty per cent of the country is situated on the floodplains of the Ganges, Brahmaputra, Meghna and those ofseveral other minor rivers. Much of the country is close to sea level and about 40 per cent is regularly flooded during the monsoon season. Major floods can cause considerable loss of life and destroy vital infrastructure, often setting back development many years. Where possible, people move to higher land, increasing the already overcrowded nature of such areas. Major floods increase the level of rural -to- urban migration, with the majority of migrants heading for the capital city Dhaka. Other urban areas such as Chittagong, Khulna and Rajshahi are also growing in population at very rapid rates. Around 8,000 hectares of cultivable land is lost every year due to urbanization, industrialization and the expansion of infrastructure. This is potential food production that Bangladesh can ill afford to lose.
(5) Living conditions in Dhaka and the other main urban areas are in a continuous state of deterioration. Many people lack basic amenities such as electricity and clean drinking water. Dhaka has become one of the most crowded cities in the world with a population density of 43,000 per km2. This rapidly growing megacity was recently ranked as the least habitable city among 140 cities surveyed by the Economist Intelligence Unit. The 2012 Human Development Index, which ranks all the countries of the world according to their quality of life, placed Bangladesh 146th in the world.
(6) Land is being lost to rising sea levels, a process associated with global warming. The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has predicted that as sea levels rise, by 2050 about 35 million people from Bangladesh will cross the border into India in search of more secure living conditions.
(7) Poor governance and corruption have undoubtedly hindered development in Bangladesh. However, national and international efforts to improve the lives of the population have registered progress. For example, the World Bank noted in 2013 that the number of people in poverty in Bangladesh had fallen from 63 million in 2000 to 47 million in 2010.

5. What is the population density of Bangladesh

6. How much of the population lives in rural areas?

7. Which organization noted the number of people in poverty in Bangladesh?

3-التصدير والاستيراد

(1) The history of importing and exporting dates back to the Roman Empire, when European and Asian traders imported and exported goods across the vast lands of Eurasia. Trading along the Silk Road flourished during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Caravans filled with imports from China and India came over the desert to Constantinople and Alexandria. From there, Italian ships transported the goods to European ports.
(2) For centuries, importing and exporting has often involved middlemen, due in part to the long distances traveled and different native languages spoken. The spice trade of the 1400s was no exception. Spices were very much in demand because Europeans had no refrigeration, which meant they had to preserve meat using large amounts of salt or risk eating half-rotten flesh. Spices disguised the otherwise poor flavor of the meat. Europeans also used spices as medicines. The European demand for spices gave rise to the spice trade. The trouble was that spices were difficult to obtain because they grew in jungles half a world away from Europe. The overland journey to the spice-rich lands was difficult and involved many middlemen along the way. Each middleman charged a fee and thus raised the price of the spice at each point. By the end of the journey, the price of the spice was inflated 1,000 percent.

8. Why did the writer write this passage?

9. What is one important idea that the writer mentions?

4-التعليب

(1) During the French Revolutionary Wars, the French army had a problem. A big. potentially deadly problem. It was so big that on this day in 1795, they offered 12.000 francs to anyone who could successfully solve it.
(2)That problem – how to store food safely – was one shared by most of the rest of humanity, which probably explains why its solution has been so popular and lasting: canning. When left out, food, as we all know, goes bad.
(3) Although food could be dried, smoked, fermented or pickled before the invention of canning, none of these methods were certain to be safe and they didn’t preserve flavor. Then came Nicolas Appert, a candy maker and winner of the prize money and the title «The Father of Canning».
(4) Canning works by placing food in jars or cans and heating the whole set-up to a temperature that kills bacteria and other microorganisms. As the jars cans cool, a vacuum seal is formed which prevents other microorganisms from getting in.
(5) Here’s the thing, though: Appert could never explain why his method worked. Appert’s work was centered around the idea of removing air from food. Appert’s method started with putting food in jars, which were then corked, and sealed off with a wax seal. The jars were wrapped in canvas and then boiled.
(6) After years of experimentation, Appert decided, correctly, that the two most important factors in canning were «the absolute deprivation from contact with the exterior air» and «application of the heat in the water bath».

10. How did the French army deal with its deadly food problem?

11. What does the writer think about canning?

12. Why does the writer use the word although in Paragraph (3)?

13. What does the writer think about other methods of storing food before canning?

14. What does the writer say about Nicolas Appert’s method of canning?

15. Which word can we use to replace the word though in Paragraph (5)?

16. How did canning stop food from going bad?

5-التمويل الشخصي

(1) An annual survey in 2017 from the National Endowment for Financial Education (NEFE) found Americans cited the most significant financial setbacks they experienced in 2016 as transportation issues (23 percent), housing repairs/ maintenance (20 percent), and medical care for an injury/ illness (18 percent). If faced with a major unexpected expense, over one third say they would pay for it with credit cards or emergency savings – both at 35 percent – followed by cash at 32 percent.
(2) The survey also found that nearly half (48 percent) of Americans admit that they are living paycheck to paycheck. The main reasons people believe they are living paycheck to paycheck are due to credit card debt (24 percent). employment struggles (22 percent). And mortgage/ rent payments (18 percent). Compounding the uneasiness, over three quarters (78 percent) say something causes them financialstress. Saving money (53 percent) tops the list, followed by managing debt (44 percent).
(3) «Get debt under control», says Paul Golden (a spokesman for NEFE). «Take a hard look at what you Owe. If there’s a clear warning sign of too much debt. take action. Set a goal to reduce your debt load next year by 5 to 10 percent. That might mean reducing impulse shopping. Six in 10 people admit they purchase on impulse and 80 percent of those regret purchases afterwards. When you face temptation, walk away for at least 30 minutes and see if you still want it and it’s a good idea».

17. How do most Americans deal with unexpected costs?

18. Why does the writer use the word also in Paragraph (2)?

19. Which expression can we use to replace the expression due to in Paragraph (2)?

20. How does the writer feel about unnecessary shopping?

21. What does the writer say about personal debts in Paragraph (3)?

6-معدل الجرائم في أمريكا

22. What was the homicide rate per 100,000 people in Europe in 2015?

23. How many homicides per 100,000 people happened in Africa in 2005?

7-التحليل النفسي

What are the aims and methods of psychoanalysis?
(1) Although most of today’s therapists do not practice therapy as Sigmund Freud did, his psychoanalytic techniques survive. Psychoanalysis is part of our modern vocabulary, and its assumptions influence many other therapies.
Aims
(2) Psychoanalysis assumes that many psychological problems are fueled by childhood’s residue of supposedly repressed impulses and conflicts. Psychoanalysts try to bring these repressed feelings into conscious awareness, where the patient can deal ?
(3) Psychoanalysis is historical reconstruction. Its goal is to unearth the past in hope of unmasking the present. But how?
(4) When Freud discarded hypnosis as unreliable, he turned to free association. Imagine yourself as a patient using the free association technique. The analyst invites you to relax, perhaps by lying on a couch. He or she will probably sit out of your line of vision, helping you focus attention on your internal thoughts and feelings. Beginning with a childhood memory, a dream, or a recent experience, you say aloud whatever comes to your mind from moment to moment. It sounds easy, but soon you notice how often you edit your thoughts as you speak, omitting material that seems trivial, irrelevant or shameful. Even in the safe presence of the analyst, you may pause momentarily before uttering an embarrassing thought. You may make a joking remark or chnge the subject to something less threatening. Sometimes your mind may go blank or you may find yourself unable to remember important details.
(5) To the psychoanalyst, these blocks in the flow of your free associations indicate resistance. They hint that anxiety lurks and that you are repressing sensitive material. The analyst will want to explore these sensitive areas by making you aware of your resistances and by interpreting their underlying meaning. The analyst’s interpretations – suggestions of underlying wishes, feelings, and conflicts – aim to provide people with insight. If offered at the right moment, the analyst’s interpretation – of. say, your not wanting to talk about your mother – may illuminate what you are avoiding. You may then discover what your resistances mean and how they fit with other pieces of your psychological puzzle.
(6) Freud believed that another clue to repressed impulses is your dreams hidden content. Thus, after inviting you to report a dream, the analyst may offer a dream analysis, suggesting its hidden meaning.
(7) During many such sessions you will probably disclose more of yourself to your analyst than you have ever revealed to anyone. Because psychoanalytic theory emphasizes the formative power of childhood experiences, much of what you reveal will pertain to your earliest memories. You will also probably find yourself experiencing strong positive or negative feelings for your analyst. Such feelings may express the dependency or mingled love and anger that you earlier experienced toward family members or other important people in your life. When this happens, Freud would say you are actually transferring your strongest feelings from those other relationships to the analyst. Analysts and other therapists believe that this transference exposes long-repressed feelings, giving you a belated chance to work through them with your analyst’s help. By examining your feelings toward the analyst, you may also gain insight into your current relationships.
(8) Note how much of psychoanalysis is built on the assumption that repressed memories exist. That assumption is now questioned. This challenge to an assumption that is basic to so much of professional and popular psychology is provoking intense debate.
(9) Critics also say that psychoanalysts’ interpretations are hard to refute. If, in response to the analyst’s suggested interpretation, you say, «Yes! I see now», your acceptance confirms the analyst’s interpretation. If you emphatically say, «No! That doesn’t ring true,» your denial may be taken to reveal more resistance. which would also confirm the interpretation. Psychoanalysts acknowledge that it’s hard to prove or disprove their interpretations. But they insist that interpretations often are a great help to patients.
(10) Traditional psychoanalysis is slow and expensive. It requires up to several years of several sessions a week with a highly trained and well-paid analyst. (Three times a week for just two years at $100 or more per hour comes to about $30.000.) Only those with a high income can afford such treatment.
(11) Although there are relatively few traditional psychoanalysts, psychoanalytic assumptions influence many therapists, especially those who make psychodynamic assumptions. Psychodynamic therapists try to understand patients’ current symptoms by exploring their childhood experiences. They probe for supposed repressed, emotion-laden information. They seek to help people gain insight into the unconscious roots of problems and work through newly resurrected feelings. Although influenced by Freud’s psychoanalysis, these therapists may talk to people face to face (rather than out of the line of Vision). once a week (rather than several times Weekly), and for only a few weeks or months (rather than several years).

24. According to psychoanalysis, what two things from childhood feed psychological problems?

25. What two things can psychoanalysis begin with?

26. What are two characteristics of traditional psychoanalysis?

8-الوقود الإحفوري

(1) Fossil fuels include coal, oil and natural gas, formed from the remains of plants and animals which lived millions of years ago and obtained energy originally from the Sun. At present they are our main energy source. Predictions vary as to how long they will last since this depends on what reserves are recoverable and on the future demands of a world population expected to increase from about 7,000 million in 2011 to at least 7,600 million by the year 2050. Some estimates say oil and gas will run low early in the present century but coal should last for 200 years or so.
(2) Burning fossil fuels in power stations and in cars pollutes the atmosphere with harmful gases such as carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide. Carbon dioxide emission aggravates the greenhouse effect and increases global warming. It is not immediately feasible to prevent large amounts of carbon dioxide entering the atmosphere, but less is produced by burning natural gas than by burning oil or coal; burning coal produces most carbon dioxide for each unit of energy produced.
(3) When coal and oil are but they also produce sulfur dioxide which causes acid rain. The sulfur dioxide can be extracted from the waste gases so it does not enter the atmosphere or the sulfur can be removed from the fuel before combustion, but these are both costly and risky processes which increase the price of electricity produced using these measures.

27. What is the main topic of the passage?

28. What is one important idea that the writer mentions about fossil fuels in Paragraph (1)?

29. Why does the writer mention the example of the increasing world population in the future?

30. What important ideas does the writer mention about sulfur dioxide in Paragraph (3)?

9-أهمية الهندسة

Could you build an information system without an architecture? Yes, it is possible to build small. isolated information systems without a formal architecture, just as it is possible to build a log cabin without one. But as soon as you want to build a building which is larger or has multiple components – an energy efficient home, an apartment complex, an office high – rise – you need an architecture to show where the electric wiring, the plumbing, heating and air conditioning, the stairs and the elevators should go and how they should work together. The main role of a system architecture is to help manage the complexity and size of modern business information systems. The architecture embodies important design decisions that have already been made This is a constraint on the team which is not free to make decisions that run counter to the architecture, but it also means that there is some kind of support within the organization – including knowledgeable people, development guidelines. Reusable code, and implementation experience with the architecture – making the team’s job easier.

31. The word multiple in the passage is closest in meaning to …….

32. The word constraint in the passage is closest in meaning to …….

33. The word guidelines in the passage is closest in meaning to …….

10-التسعير الدولي

(1) Companies that market their products internationally must decide what prices to charge in the different countries in which they operate. In some cases, a company can set a uniform worldwide price. For example, Boeing sells its jetliners at about the same price everywhere, whether in the United States, Europe or a third – world country. However, most countries adjust their prices to reflect local market conditions and cost considerations.
(2) The price that a company should charge in a specific country depends on many factors, including economic conditions, competitive situations, laws and regulations, and development of the wholesaling and retailing system. Consumer perception and preferences also may vary from country to country, calling for different prices. Or the company may have different marketing objectives in various world markets, which require changes in pricing strategy. For example, Samsung might introduce a new product into mature markets in highly developed countries with the goal of quickly gaining a large share of the market – this would call for a penetration – pricing strategy where the product is offered at a very low price. In contrast, it might enter a less –developed market by using market – skimming pricing where the price is set very high initially.
(3) Costs play an important role in setting international prices. Travelers abroad are often surprised to find that goods that are relatively inexpensive at home may carry outrageously higher price tags in other countries. A pair of Levi’s selling for $30 in the United States might go for $63 in Tokyo or $88 in Paris. A McDonald’s Big Mac selling for a modest $3.50 here in Saudi Arabia might cost $7.50 in Berlin, Germany. Conversely, a Gucci handbag going for only $140 in Milan, Italy. might fetch $240 in the United States. In some cases, such price escalations may result from different selling strategies or market conditions. In some instances, however, it is simply the result of the higher cost of selling in another country – the additional cost of product modifications, shipping and insurance, import taxes. exchange-rate fluctuations, and physical distribution.

34. What word other than «inexpensive» does the writer use to talk about prices at home?

35. Which of the following is a fact?

36. What can we understand from Paragraph (1) about Boeing jetliners?

11-الانقسام الصحي

(1) Obesity, which is on the rise in high-income nations, has been linked to many diseases, including cardiovascular problems. musculoskeletal problems, diabetes, and respiratory issues. According to the International Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (2011). obesity rates are rising in all countries. With the greatest gains being made in the highest-income countries. The United States has the highest obesity rate. Wallace Huffman and his fellow researchers (2006) contend that several factors are contributing to the rise in obesity in developed countries.
(2) These include:
 Improvements in technology and reduced family size have led to a reduction of work to be done in household production.
 Unhealthy market goods, including processed foods, sweetened drinks, and sweet and salty snacks are replacing home – produced goods.
 Leisure activities are growing more sedentary, for example, computer games, web surfing, and television viewing.
 More workers are shifting from active work (agriculture and manufacturing) to service industries.
 Increased access to passive transportation has led to more driving and less walking.
 Obesity and weight issues have significant societal costs, including lower life expectancies and higher shared healthcare costs.
(3) High – income countries also have higher rates of depression than less affluent nations. A recent study shows that the average lifetime prevalence of major depressive episodes in the 10 highest – income countries in the study was 14.6 percent; this compared to 11.1 percent in the eight low – and middle – income countries. The researchers speculate that the higher rate of depression may be linked to the greater income inequality that exists in the highest – income nations.
Passage B: Health in Low – Income Nations
(1) In peripheral nations with low per capita income, it is not the cost of health care that is the most pressing concern. Rather, low – income countries must manage such problems as infectious disease, high infant mortality rates, scarce medical personnel, and inadequate water and sewer systems. Such issues, which high – income countries rarely even think about, are central to the lives of most people in low – income nations. Due to such health concerns, low – income nations have higher rates of infant mortality and lower average life spans.
One of the biggest contributors to medical issues in low – income countries is the lack of access to clean water and basic sanitation resources. According to a 2011 UNICEF repot almost half of the developing world’s population lacks improved sanitation facilities. The World Health Organization (WHO) tracks health – related data for 193 countries. In their 2011 World Health Statistics report, they document some of this data.
(2) This includes:
 Globally, the rate of mortality for children under five was 60 per 1.000 live births. In low – income countries, however, that rate is almost double at 117 per 1,000 live births. In high – income countries, that rate is significantly lower than seven per 1,000 live births.
 The most frequent causes of death for children under five were pneumonia and diarrheal diseases. accounting for 18 percent and 15 percent, respectively. These deaths could be easily avoidable with cleaner water and more coverage of available medical care.
 The availability of doctors and nurses in low – income countries is one-tenth that of nations with a high income. Challenges in access to medical education and access to patients exacerbate this issue for would-be medical professionals in low – income countries.

37. What do the passages say about high – income and low – income nations?

38. According to the passages, which organizations monitor health issues in all countries?

39. Which subject do both passages discuss?

40. According to the passages, what are the biggest problems in healthcare in low- income and high – income countries respectively?