Model 22

1-مشاكل التصميم

Basic engineering design includes defining the problem as a first step. In the problem definition step, the needs of potential customers are investigated. potential competitors are identified and their market positions are characterized: constraints imposed by government regulations or technological limitations are identified, and constraints on the design effort such as available personnel, time, and money are established. The problem definition process results in a clear understanding of the scope of the design project and the resources available to solve the design problem. This understanding is often expressed in a problem statement. This understanding is also expressed in the form of criteria and constraints.

1. The word potential in the passage is closest in meaning to ……

2. The word criteria in the passage is closest in manning to ……

2-خشب النانو

(1) Expanded polystyrene (or «Styrofoam») is an excellent insulator. That’s why it’s a popular material for insulating buildings-and why those cheap little cups of deli coffee still burn your tongue after 30 minutes. But its environmental record leaves something to be desired. It’s nonbiodegradable, harmful to animals who accidentally eat it and made from potential carcinogens or cancer-causing chemicals.
(2) developed a super-lightweight insulating material they say could prove to be a better, more eco-friendly alternative. The material, made from tiny wood fibers is called nano wood, it blocks heat at last 10 degrees better than Styrofoam or silica aerogel, a common insulator, and it can take a least 30 times mon pressure tha 45n crushed.
(3) Working in the lab of materials scientist Liangbing Hu. Post doctoral researcher Tain Li is the lead author on the study, published in the journal science Advances.
(4) Hu and his team had been working on nanocellulose, the nano-sized version of the fibrous material that makes plants and trees rigid. Nanocellulose has an impressive strength- to-weight ratio, about eight times greater than than of steel.
(5) For the nano wood, the them removed the lignin, the polymer that holds the cells of wood together Removing the lignin, a heat conductor. gave the resulting product powerful ? capabilities. It also turned the product white which means it reflects light. The ? think nano wood has enormous potentials as a green ? material. Using it could potentially «save billion» in energy costs says Li.

3. The word alternative in Paragraph (2) is closest in meaning to ……

4. The word impressive in Paragraph (4) is closest in meaning to ……

5. What happens when lignin is removed from nano wood?

3-التسوق الإلكتروني

6. How many Mexican Internet users purchased a product online last month?

7. Which country made the highest percentage of purchases online last month?

4-الأداء الاقتصادي

(1) Today, it is hard to turn on the radio, watch the news on television, use the Internet, or read the newspaper without hearing or seeing something about the economy. Consider for just a moment the following questions:
 Are U.S. workers as productive as workers in other countries?
 Is the gross domestic product for the United States increasing or decreasing?
 What is the current balance of trade for the United States?
 Why is the unemployment rate important?
(2) The information needed to answer these questions, along with the answers to other similar questions, is easily obtainable from many sources. More important, the answers to these and other questions can be used to gauge the economic health of a nation. For individuals, the health of the nation’s economy often affects the amount of interest you pay for homes, automobiles, credit card purchases, and other credit transactions. Finally, the health of the economy can also affect your ability to get a job or the financing you need to continue your education. The Importance of Productivity in the Global Marketplace
(3) One way to measure a nation’s economic performance is to assess its productivity. Productivity is the average level of output per worker per hour. An increase in productivity results in economic growth because a larger number of goods and services are produced by a given labor force.
(4) In addition to productivity, a measure called gross domestic product can be used to measure the economic well-being of a nation. Gross domestic product (GDP) is the total dollar value of all goods and services produced by all people within the boundaries of a country during a one-year period. For example, the values of automobiles produced by employees in an American-owned General Motors plant and a Japanese-owned Toyota plant in the United States are both included in the GDP for the United States. The U.S. GDP was $14.3 trillion in 2009.
(5) The GDP figure facilitates comparisons between the United States and other countries because it is the standard used in international guidelines for economic accounting. It is also possible to compare the GDP for one nation over several different time periods. This comparison allows observers to determine the extent to which a nation is experiencing economic growth. For example, government experts project that GDP will grow to $21.8 trillion by the year 2018.
(6) To make accurate comparisons of the GDP for different years, we must adjust the dollar amounts for inflation. Inflation is a general rise in the level of prices. Deflation is a general decrease in the level of prices. By using inflation-adjusted figures, we are able to measure the real GDP for a nation. In effect, it is now possible to compare the products and services produced by a nation in constant dollars-dollars that will purchase the same amount of goods and services.
(7) In addition to GDP and real GDP, other economic measures exist that can be used to evaluate a nation’s economy. Because of the recent economic crisis, one very important statistic that is in the news on a regular basis is the unemployment rate: The unemployment rate is the percentage of a nation’s labor force unemployed at any time. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, when workers are unemployed, they, their families, and the country as a whole lose. Workers and their families lose wages, and the country loses the goods or services that could have been produced. In addition, the purchasing power of the workers is lost, which can lead to unemployment for yet other workers. Despite both federal and state programs to reduce the unemployment rate for the United States, it was hovering around 10 percent at the time of publication. This is an especially important statistic – especially if you are unemployed. The consumer price index (CPI) is a monthly index that measures the changes in prices of a fixed basket of goods purchased by a typical consumer in an urban area. Goods listed in the CPI include food and beverages, transportation, housing, clothing, medical care, recreation, education, communication, and other goods and services. Economists often use the CPI to determine the effect of inflation on not only the nation’s economy nut also individual consumers. Another monthly index is the producer price index (PPI). The PPI measure prices that producers receive for their finished goods. Because changes in the reflect price increases or decreases at the wholesale level, the PPI is an accurate predictor of both changes in the CPI and prices that consumers will pay for many everyday necessities.

8. What goods and services do people pay interest on?

5-النوم

It’s not surprising that getting more done starts with a good night’s sleep, but it turns out getting too many hours is as bad as too few. Analyzing the sleep and work habits of 3.760 people over seven years, researchers at the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health found that under-sleepers and over-sleepers were both more likely to take extra sick days.

9. Which group has the lowest number of days a year?

10. Which groups have the most absences?

6-قوائم مالية

(1) TO the USA, the reporting of financial Statements is regulated by a federal agency called the securities and Exchange commission (SEC). According to securities and Exchange commission regulations, companies have to file an extensive report (called the 10K) on what happened the year. Companies submit three financial Statements:
(2) The income statement (also called profit and loss statement) gives an account of what the company sold and spent in the you. Sales (also called revenues), or what the company sold in products and services less any expenses (expenses are divided into a number of Categories) less taxes gives the company’s income. The income statement summarizes all this type of activity for the year.
(3) The balance sheet is a financial snapshot of what the company owns (assets), what it owes (liabilities) and its worth face and clear of debt (equity). Analyzing a balance sheet informs shareholders about the company’s financial health.
(4) The cash flow statement tells what went into and came out of the company in cash. This is necessary because accounting sometimes deals with revenues and expenses that are not real cash. Looking at the actual cash flow gives a better idea of how well the company can meet its cash obligations. A company may do its financial reporting on a fiscal year that is different from the Calendar year (which starts in January and ends in December). Many companies do follow the calendar year. Others, like retail companies, don’t like reporting by the calendar year because December is their biggest month, and they don’t have much time to sort things out before filing.

11. What is one important idea the writer mentions?

12 – what is writer’s main purpose?

7-المهنيّون البريطانيون

13. How many of Britain’s CEOs were educated private schools in 2015?