Model 25

1-الباندا العملاق

1) An American-born giant panda will soon be travelling to China. The Chinese government has an agreement with foreign zoos to lend giant pandas out only for scientific study. After a few years, they, and any cubs they may produce, must all be returned to China. Mei Lan, a three year-old female, is being prepared for her trip to China, where her parents were born. A special FedEx flight from the U.S. is being arranged for her.
2) Chinese Zookeepers are getting ready for her arrival by planning a special diet, and even language lessons for her. They are advertising for a tutor to teach Mei Lan Chinese. The caretakers at her new home, the Chengdu Panda Research Center in Sichuan, want to help her adapt quickly and feel comfortable in her new environment. Mei Lan has lived at a zoo in the city of Atlanta, Georgia, since her birth, and she is unfamiliar with Chinese. The teacher must have a bachelor’s degree or higher and be fluent in both English and Chinese.

1. According to Paragraph (2), why do the Chinese zookeepers want Mei Lan to learn Chinese?

2. According to Paragraph ( 2 ) , where has Mei Lan been living ?

2-النجوم

(1) If we look at the night sky carefully, we will see that the stars are of many different colors. Some are red, others are yellow and some are blue. This is also shown when we take color photographs of the night sky. You can take such a photograph with an ordinary camera as long as it is kept steady. A thirty second exposure is sufficient.
(2) Astronomers have been able to classify stars according to color. They have found that blue stars are the largest and red stars the smallest. However, there are a few stars which cannot be classified in this way. These are the superstars. For example, Ryiejol is a blue superstar as big as 40,000 suns and Beetle juice is a superstar with a size equal to 17,000 suns.
(3) Suppose an astronomer observes two stars, one brighter than the other. If neither of them is a superstar, he will know immediately that the brighter star is closer. Astronomers have instruments like light meters which can measure the brightness of a star quite accurately. It is possible to measure a star’s distance from the earth if astronomers know the color, brightness and whether or not it is a superstar.

3. Which of the following colors is NOT mentioned in the passage?

4. According to Paragraph ( 2 ) Beetlejuice is a superstar……..

5. According to Paragraph ( 2 ) astronomers  classify stars according to the following EXCEPT……..

3-ابتكار هندسي

( 1 ) Rome is known for many things : its military conquests , its civic architecture , temples , roads , emperors , and sculpture . Yet none of these would have been possible without the most vital resource of all : water . Now , as then , water is life , and without effective distribution , there would have been no great Roman civilization . Even until relatively modern times , Roman techniques to collect , store , and channel water over huge distances remained unsurpassed .
( 2 ) Such technology , was not , of course , invented from scratch by the Romans , and many earlier Mediterranean peoples had poured resources and expertise into managing water . On the island of Crete , the Minoans developed sophisticated rain – harvesting and filtering systems as early as the middle of the third millennium B. C. Cretan water management techniques were later adopted across the Greek – speaking world , and examples abound of tunnels , drainage systems , and cisterns , sometimes of considerable size
( 3 ) Yet although the water management tradition Rome inherited was rich and extensive , no previous system came close to the sophistication and reach of the Roman aqueduct . Striding across the landscape from Spain to Syria , these awe – inspiring structures not only carried life and livelihood but also proclaimed the greatness of Rome .
( 4 ) Aqueducts were costly public works , and not all Roman cities necessarily required them. Some cities , such as Pompeii , had their water needs met by wells or public and private cisterns dug beneath houses . Some cisterns could reach a colossal size , such as the Basilica Cistern ( Yerebatan Sarnici ) in Constantinople ( now Istanbul , Turkey ) and the Piscina Mirabilis in Miseno , Itely . The better built to provide drinking water to the populations such as Rome’s – thought to have reached one million in the first century AD . needed an entire system of aqueducts not only for drinking water but also for supplying ornamental public fountains and baths
( 5 ) Rome was supplied by aqueducts totaling 315 miles in length . Of that , 269 miles ran underground and 46 total miles above ground ; however , only about 36 miles consisted of arched structures just under 12 percent in all .
( 6 ) Rome had as many as 11 aqueduct systems , the most ancient of which was the mile – long Aqua Appia , first operational in 312 B.C. It was named for its sponsor , the censor Appius Claudius Caecus , better known for another great pioneering structure of ancient Rome : the Appian Way , one of the first major Roman roads .
( 7 ) Three more aqueducts were built in the third and second centuries B.C .: Aqua Anio Vetus , Aqua Marcia , and Aqua Tepula . Aided by his son – in – law Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa , Emperor Augustus was particularly active in improving the capital’s water supply , repairing old systems and building new ones . The Augustan – era Aqua Virgo named , according to legend , for the young girl who directed thirsty soldiers to the springs that fed it has been used uninterrupted ever since its construction . During his reign , Caligula began building two aqueducts that were finished by Emperor Claudius , the Aqua Claudia and Aqua Anio Novus . Trajan built Traiana , which is 37 miles long , in A.D. 109 .
( 8 ) The last of Rome’s aqueducts was the Aqua Alexandrina , nearly 14 miles long , built by Alexander Severus in A.D. 226. Some have calculated that , once completed , Rome’s aqueducts delivered roughly 1.5 million cubic once completed , Rome’s aqueducts delivered roughly 1.5 million cubic yards of water per day – about 200 gallons per person . Its water network supplied 11 grand scale baths , as well as the 900 or so public baths , and almost 1.400 monumental fountains and private swimming pools . A crucial later stage in the conveying of water was , of course , its disposal . Rome’s Cloaca Maxima sewer , which flowed into the Tiber River , became the model for urban sanitation

6. Who developed rain harvesting in the third millennium B.C?

7. How long were Rome’s aqueducts in total ? 

8. When did Trajan build the Aqua Traiana ?

4-الاحتكاك

( 1 ) Friction is the force that opposes one surface moving , or trying to move . over another . It can be a help or a hindrance . We could not walk if there was no friction between the soles of our shoes and the ground . Our feet would slip backwards ; as they tend to if , we walk on ice . On the other hand , engineers try to reduce friction to a minimum in the moving parts of machinery by using lubricating oils and ball bearings .
( 2 ) When a gradually increasing force ( P ) is applied through a spring balance to a block on a table , the block does not move at first . This is because an equally increasing but opposing frictional force ( F ) acts where the block and table touch . At any instant P and F are equal and opposite .
( 3 ) If P is increased further , the block eventually moves ; as it does so F has Its maximum value , called starting or static friction . When the block is moving at a steady speed , the balance reading is slightly less than that for starting friction . Sliding or dynamic friction is therefore less than starting or static friction
( 4 ) Placing a mass on the block increases the force pressing the surfaces together and increases friction . When work is done against friction , the temperatures of the bodies in contact rise ( as you can test by rubbing your wands together ) : mechanical energy is being changed into heat energy .

9. What important point does the writer make about’ starting friction in Paragraphs ( 3 ) and (4)?

10. What important idea related to frictional force does the writer mention in Paragraph ( 1 )?

11. What point does the writer support with the example of rubbing your hands together ?

12. What is the main topic of the passage ?

13. What does the passage say about the new food – control  technique ?

14. Why have scientists developed the new food – control technique ? 

5-التغذية

( 1 ) Nutritionists often suggest keeping a food diary to track your meals , avoid mindless overeating and keep tabs on nutrients like salt , fat and vitamins . But writing down everything you eat is annoying , and many people find themselves abandoning their efforts after a few days or weeks
( 2 ) in the future , you may be able to track your food intake with a sticker placed on your tooth . Researchers at Tufts University have developed a tooth sensor that can track glucose and salt and wirelessly send the information to a device .
( 3 ) Scientists have developed wearables for monitoring food intake before . Most of these have been in the form of mouth guards . American and Brazilian scientists created one to check glucose ; it contained biosensors and wireless communications models . But it requires , well , wearing a mouth guard , which can be uncomfortable .
( 4 ) Diabetics could theoretically use the new tooth – mounted sensor to monitor their sugar intake and broadcast the information to their doctors . It could be helpful for people with other medical conditions that require them to monitor their eating , for example , patients with high blood pressure who need to limit their salt .
( 5 ) But , Almquist , a professor of bioengineering at Imperial College London , says , there will be ” significant hurdles ” before the technology is ready for daily use as a food diary substitute . ” For instance , for continuous monitoring of food intake , the sensors will need to be robust enough to withstand abrasion during chewing . In addition , foods are complex mixtures of compounds including salts , sugars and proteins , and the relative amounts of each that enter into saliva will depend on factors such as the nature of the food

15. Which word can we use to replace the phrase ” in addition in Paragraph ( 5 )?

16. Why does the writer use the phrase ” For instance ” in Paragraph ( 5)?

17. What does the writer think of the old mouth guards ?

6-العادات الاجتماعية

( 1 ) Humans a social creatures. People have always grouped together into communities in order to survive . Living together , people form common habits and behaviors – from specific methods of childrearing to preferred techniques for obtaining food in modern day Paris , many people shop daily at outdoor markets to pick up what they need for their evening meal , buying cheese , meat , and vegetables from different specialty stalls in the United States , the majority of people shop once a week at supermarkets filling large carts to the brim . How would a Parisian perceive U.S shopping behaviors that Americans take for granted ?
( 2 ) Almost every human behavior , from shopping to marriage to expressions of feelings , is learned in the United States , people tend to view marriage as a choice between two people , based on mutual feelings of love , In other nations and in other times , marriages have been arranged through an intricate process of interviews and negotiations between entire families .
( 3 ) To someone raised in New York City , the marriage customs of a family from Nigeria may seem strange , or even wrong . Conversely , someone from traditional Kolkata family might be perplexed with the idea of romantic love as the foundation for lifelong commitment . In other words , the way in which people view marriage depends largely on what they have been taught
( 4 ) Behavior based on learned customs is not a bad thing Being familiar with unwritten rules helps people feel secure and ” normal ” Most people want to live their daily lives confident that their behaviors will not be challenged or disrupted . But even an action as seemingly simple as commuting to work evidences a great deal of cultural propriety

18. What has the greatest effect on people’s ideas about marriage today?

19. What is the main reason people have always lived in social groups ?

20. The word obtaining in Paragraph ( 1 ) is closest in meaning to……

21. The word negotiations in Paragraph ( 2 ) is closest in meaning to…….

7-الغذاء

( 1 ) Our food is primarily made of carbohydrates , proteins , fats , minerals , vitamins and water .We need to regularly ingest food to sustain ourselves .
( 2 ) Living things do not follow the pattern of decay seen in the rest of the natural world . Unlike non – living things ( such as rocks ) , living things maintain themselves . They build new calls , tissues and organs in the process of development , Once mature , organisms can sustain existing biological structures by cellular division . This process , also called mitosis , allows cells to use molecules such as water , amino acids ( building blocks of proteins ) carbohydrates and lipids to create new cells . This process requires the transfer of energy among chemical bonds .
(3) Our cells are regularly being replaced and recycled and this requires a regular influx of energy and matter . We obtain energy in the form of food calories : new mater in the form of the molecules contained in our food . Not all of these molecules are digestible by all animals . These unneeded molecules may be eaten along with more desirable molecules . This is part of the reason why animals must have an opening in their digestive system
( 4 ) A balanced diet for humans includes several servings of breads , cereals , fruits and vegetables every day . Also essential are smaller servings of milk , dairy , meat and eggs . Fats , oils and sweets should make up a very small portion of a balanced diet
( 5 ) Human beings at several hundred pounds of food a year . From this food we obtain all the molecules we need so our bodies can operate , grow and replace the cells lost to wear , old age , or damage .
( 6 ) Animals , such as humans , have evolved intricate strategies of intercellular communication . Feedback , feed – forward , and inhibition allow us to maintain steady – state , or homeostasis . We get hungry because we want to eat . This seemingly simple cause and effect is the result of the empty stomach secreting the peptide hormone ghrelin into the bloodstream . When this hormone is received by hypothalamus , it stimulates the release of growth hormones , which makes us want to eat . After eating to satiation , the release of the peptide hormone leptin causes the hypothalamus to inhibit hunger sensations . Leptin is released by a variety of tissues including adipose ( fat cells ) , stomach , bone , pituitary , and the liver.
Metabolism
( 7 ) The word metabolism comes from the Greek root ” change ” and involves the building up or breaking down of molecules to be used by the body . These molecules will be used for cell growth , fuel and other processes . If the process involves breaking down molecules into simpler ones , usually to release energy , it is called catabolic . If building up complex molecules , for structures or energy storage , it is called anabolic .
( 8 ) Developed and less active bodies do not need as many energy calories as developing and active bodies . Developing bodies are adding cells at a rapid rate , and this requires an infusion of both new material ( molecules ) and energy . Active bodies , likewise , need more calories to sustain the energetic demands of more motion
Proteins
( 9 ) Proteins are molecules made of nitrogen , carbon , oxygen and hydrogen and sometimes
sulfur . These molecules are found in animal tissue such as meat ( including fish ) , eggs , cheese and legumes , and many other plant foods .
( 10 ) Proteins are large molecules assembled from smaller units called amino acids and serve many important roles in living things . Amino acids are linked by covalent bonds called peptide bonds . Proteins can serve as enzymes , hormones as well as the building blocks of complex physical features . Proteins comprise teeth , bone , muscle , tendon , cartilage , skin – most of what makes up an organism .
( 11 ) As enzymes , proteins facilitate chemical reactions that would not otherwise happen in the short time , or lower temperatures required by living things . As hormones ( such as the previously mentioned appetite inhibitor leptin ) they are protein messengers that deliver information around the body.
Carbohydrates
( 12 ) Carbohydrates are made of hydrogen , oxygen , and carbon that combine to form monosaccharides . These simple sugars are made of five ( pentose ) or six ( hexose ) carbon rings .Additional hydrogen and oxygen atoms allow these rings to form disaccharides ( ” two sugars “) such as sucrose and lactose or polysaccharides ( ” many sugars ” ) such as starch .
( 13 ) Sugars are essential to living things . They provide a way to store chemical energy to operate living things . They are also the structural backbone to the information storage molecules DNA and RNA , as well as many of the other essential molecules in living things . Sugars are transported through the blood stream in the form of the simple sugar glucose . They have 4 calories of energy per gram .

22. What two things happen to the cells in our body ?

23. What two things do cells use for mitosis ?

24. What two hormones make people feel hunger ?

8-قانون الاعتقال في الولايات المتحدة

In the US legal system , arrests are made after enough evidence is collected to establish propable cause . Arrests are made with or without a warrant , but there must always be probable cause to arrest . A criminal defendant is usually searched at the time of the arrest . At the police station the defendant is ” booked ‘ . The booking process involves finger printing and photographing the defendant . Background information on the defendant such as name , address , phone number , and so forth is also collected .
( 2 ) The defendant is searched again before he or she is placed in a jail cell If the defendant’s offense is minor , he or she may be allowed to post bail and appear before the judge at a later date . When the offense is not minor the defendant is held until the initial appearance ; the judge sets the bail amount at this time .

25. The word booked in Paragraph ( 1 ) is closest in meaning to ……….

26. The word probable in Paragraph ( 1 ) is closest in meaning to ………

9-الدعاية

Defenses of Advertising
( 1 ) Defenders of advertising claim that it provides many benefits . It informs consumers about available products and services . Some adverts promote the public interest by informing consumers about health and safety issues Volvos , for example , were among the first vehicles to provide side – door air bags This is a definite safety advantage . Defenders of advertising also argue that by giving media the financial backing It requires , advertisements allow ” free ” television and internet content , The survival and profitability of many media outlets , such as social media , television and radio stations and YouTube channels depend on advertising revenue , Finally , advocates of advertising claim that it stimulates competition and fuels our mass consumption economy . It raises the standard of living for everyone because it makes ” economies of large – scale production possible . Mass production reduces the cost of manufacturing a product , so it is less expensive to buy ; but mass production requires mass consumption , and mass consumption of a product cannot occur unless consumers know that we product exists and where it can be bought . So , advertising is required if we are to take advantage of the benefits of large – scale production
Criticisms of Advertising
( 2 ) Numerous criticisms have been levelled at advertising First , some critics argue , advertising interferes with almost everything we do ( staying . reading , driving , watching YouTube , browsing the internet ) . Second , critics say , advertising makes citizens materialistic .They only care about possessing more and more . Of course , there is nothing wrong with improving your standard of living , but they say advertising encourages consumers to measure their worth only by what they have , rather than by who they are . And so , advertising weakens social bonds and contributes to a shallow , materialistic culture . Third , advertising exploits children by targeting dubious messages ( sugary cereals are qood , cool kids wear brand- name clothing ) at an audience that is too young to be able to evaluate their content. Young people , including college students.

27. What are two words that the writer uses for “supporter “ in paragraph (1) ?

28. Which of the following is an opinion ? 

30. What can we understand about advertising from the passage ?

31. What can we understand about YouTube from the passage ?

10-الطاقة الشمسية

Passage A;
( 1 ) The energy falling on the Earth from the Sun is mostly in the form of light and the light that falls in one hour equals the total energy used by the world in a year , unfortunately , its low energy density requires large collecting devices and its availability varies . Its greatest potential use is as an energy source for low- temperature water heating . This uses solar panels as the energy transfer devices , which convert light into heat energy . They are used increasingly to produce domestic hot water at about 70’C and to heat swimming pools
(2) Solar energy can also be used to produce high temperature heating , up to 3000 c or so , if a large curved mirror (a solar furnace ) focuses the Sun’s rays on to a small area . The energy can then be used to turn water to steam for driving the turbine of an electric generator in a power station
(3) Solar cells , made from semiconducting materials , convert sunlight into electricity directly . A number of cells connected together can be used to supply electricity to homes and to the electronic equipment in communication and other satellites . They are also used for small –scale power generation in remote areas of developing countries where there is no electricity supply .Recent developments have made large -scale generation more cost effective and there is now a large solar power plant in California . There are many designs for prototype light vehicles run on solar power .
Wind energy
( 4 ) Giant windmills called wind turbines with two or three blades each up to 30m long drive electrical generators . ” Wind farms ” of 20 to 100 turbines spaced about 400m apart , supply about 400MW ( enough electricity for 250,000 homes ) in the UK and provide a useful ” top up ” to the National Grid . Wind turbines can be noisy and may be considered unsightly so there is some environmental objection to wind farms , especially as the best sites are often in coastal or upland areas of great natural beauty .
Passage B;
water binds for example , and also for shipping routes . ( 8the UK , electric power stations generate about 2 % of the electricity supply . Most are located in Scotland and Wales where the average rainfall is higher than in other areas . With good management hydroelectric energy is a reliable energy source , but there asks connected with the construction of dams , and a variety of problems may result from the impact of a dam on the environment . Land previously used for forestry or farming may have to be funded .
Wave energy
( 5 ) The rise and fall of sea waves has to be transferred by some kind of wave – energy converter into the rotary motion required to drive a generator . It is a difficult problem and the large – scale production of electricity by this means is unlikely in the near future , but small systems are being developed to supply island communities with Power
Tidal and hydroelectric energy
( 6 ) The flow of water from a higher to a lower level from behind a tidal barrage ( barrier ) or the dam of a hydroelectric scheme is used to drive a water turbine ( water wheel ) connected to a generator .
( 7 ) One of the largest working tidal schemes is the La Grande I project in Canada . Feasibility studies have shown that a 10 – mile – long barrage across the River Severn Estuary could produce about 7 % of today’s electrical energy consumption in England and Wales . Such schemes have significant implications for the environment , as they may destroy wildlife habitats of water birds for example , and also for shipping routes .
( 8 ) In the UK , hydroelectric power stations generate about 2 % of the electricity supply . Most are located in Scotland and Wales where the average rainfall is higher than in other areas . With good management hydroelectric energy is a reliable energy source , but there are risks connected with the construction of dams , and a variety of problems may result from the impact of a dam on the environment . Land previously used for forestry or farming may have to be flooded .

32. According to both passages , why is it difficult to use energy from renewable sources ?

33. What do the passages say about the UK ?

34. Which of the following statements best summarizes renewable energy from both passages ?

11-الاضرار في الأرضية

( 1 ) The damage you described in your letter dated 7 July has now been inspected .
( 2 ) The faults in the wiring appear to have been caused by dripping water from the floor above. The electrical contractor , who installed the wiring in February , tells me that the wall was dry at the time he replaced the old wires . However , we will arrange for repairs to be made and seal off that section .
( 3 ) Dura floor is one of the most hardwearing materials of its kind on the market and we were surprised to hear that it had worn away within six months , so we made a closer inspection . We noticed that the floor had been cut into and this seems to have been the result of dragging heavy metal boxes across it . The one – year guarantee we offer on our workmanship is against ” normal wear and tear” , and the treatment the floor appears to have been subjected to does not fall into this category . I am quite willing to arrange for the surface to be replaced , but we will have to charge you for the materials and work involved . If I may , I would like to suggest that you instruct your staff to use trolleys when shifting heavy containers .
( 4 ) I am sorry about the inconvenience you have experienced and will tell confirmation the fitters to repair the damage as soon as I have your confirmation that they can begin work.

35. According to Paragraph ( 2 ) , the problems with wiring were caused by……

36. The word inconvenience in Paragraph ( 4 ) is closest in meaning to

37. According to Paragraph ( 4 ) , the replacement of the damaged floor surface ……….