Model 26

1-حريق هائل

( 1 ) Over the roar of the fire , Mike heard Ben shout . ” Hurry ! The fire is almost on us ! ” Mike’s arms were sore and tired , but he swung his axe even faster . He didn’t even stop to wipe the tears from his stinging eyes . The greedy fire kept coming . The more the fire destroyed , the more it wanted . Mike worked shoulder to shoulder with the other smoke jumpers to build a firebreak .His only thought was to stop the flaming monster that was raging through the forest
( 2 ) At last the smoke jumpers finished the firebreak . If the fire were powerful enough , it would jump over the firebreak that they had worked so hard to make . Then they would have to start all over again . Mike stood motionless , his face black with ash , his shirt wet with sweat . He was too exhausted to move because he had given all of himself to fighting the fire . He turned his head and noticed Ben watching him
( 3 ) Suddenly all that Ben had taught Mike about proving his bravery was clear A man was not brave if he did something just to prove his courage He was brave only when he forget about himself , Today Mike had showed that he cared very much about the others with whom he was working .

1. According to Paragraph ( 1 ) , it was hard for Mike to do his job because………

2. According to Paragraph ( 1 ) , Mike’s only thought as he tried to put out the fire was …….

 3. The word greedy in Paragraph ( 1 ) means wanting …………

2-ازدهار الصناعة

( 1 ) The Industrial Revolution brought great riches to most of the entrepreneurs who helped set it in motion . For the millions of workers who crowded into the new factories , however , the industrial age brought poverty and harsh living conditions .
( 2 ) In time , reforms would curb many of the worst abuses of the early industrial age in Europe and the Americas . As standards of living Increased , people at all levels of society would benefit from industrialization . Until then , working people would suffer with dangerous working conditions : unsafe , unsanitary , and overcrowded housing and unrelenting poverty
( 3 ) The Industrial Revolution brought rapid urbanization , or the movement of people to cities . Changes in farming , soaring population growth , and an ever increasing demand for workers led masses of people to migrate from farms to cities . Almost overnight , small towns around coal or iron mines mushroomed into cities . Other cities grew up around the factories that entrepreneurs built in once quiet market towns
( 4 ) The British market town of Manchester numbered 17.000 people in the 1750s . Within a few years , it exploded into a center of the textile industry Its population soared to 40,000 by 1780 and 70,000 by 1801. Visitors described the cloud of coal vapor ” that polluted the air , the pounding noise of steam engines , and the filthy stench of its river . This growth of industry and rapid population growth dramatically changed the location and distribution of two resources -labor and people .Nor Social Classes Emerge
( 5)The industrial Revolution created a new middle class along with the working class . Those in the middle class owned and operated the new factories , mines , and railroads , among other industries . Their lifestyle was much more comfortable than that of the industrial working class .When form families moved to the new industrial cities , they became workers in mines or factories . Many felt lost and bewildered . They faced tough working conditions in uncomfortable environments . In time ,though . factory and mine workers developed their own sense of community despite the terrible working conditions .

The Industrial Middle Class
( 6 ) Those who benefited most from the Industrial Revolution were the entrepreneurs who set it in motion . The Industrial Revolution created this new middle class , whose members came from a variety of backgrounds . Some were merchants who invested their growing profits in factories . Others were inventors or skilled artisans who developed new technologies . Some rose from ” rags to riches ” a pattern that the age greatly admired . Middle – class families lived in well -furnished , spacious homes on paved streets and had a ready supply of water . They wore fancy clothing and ate well . The new middle class took pride in their hard work and their determination to ” get ahead . Only a few had sympathy for the poor . Women of the middle class did not leave the home to work but instead focused their energy on raising their children . This contrasted with the wealthy , who had maidservants to look after their children , and the working class , whose children were a part of the workforce
The Industrial Working Class
( 7 ) While the wealthy and the middle class lived in pleasant neighborhoods , vast numbers of poor struggled to survive in foul – smelling shuns . They packed into tiny rooms in tenements , or multistory buildings divided into apartments . These tenements had 10 running water , only community packed into tiny rooms in tenements , or multistory buildings divided into apartments . These tenements had 10 running water , only community pumps. There was no sewage or sanitation system , so wastes and garbage rotted in the streets Sewage was also dumped into rivers , which created an overwhelming stench and contaminated drinking water .This led to the spread of diseases such as cholera .

4. by 1801 , what was the population of Manchester ?

5. Who owned the new factories, mines, and railroads ? 

6. Which group of people benefitted most from the Industrial Revolution ?

3-ملفات تعريف الارتباط

(1) A cookie is a packet of information sent by a web server to a web browser. Cookies are generated each time the user visits the website. A message is frequently displayed saying “cookies are required to access this site” 9or some equivalent message). Every time a user visit the website, cookies will have collected some key information about the used. There are able to carry out user tracking and also maintain user preference. (for example, when a user buys an electronic device on a music website, the cookies will have remembered the user’s previous buying habits and a message like this often followed “customers who bought items in your recent history also bought……”.
(2) cookies aren’t programs but are simply pieces of data. They can’t actually perform any operations. They only allow the detection of webpages viewed by a user on a particular website and store users preferences as described above.
(3) the information gathered by cookies forms an anonymous user profile and doesn’t contain personal information (such as credit card, numbers or passwords). Because of the information they do collect, however, they are subject to privacy and security concerns. Cookies do not in themselves present a threat to privacy , since they can only be used to store information, that the user volunteered or that web serves already has whilst it is possible that this information could be made available to specific third party website, this is no worse than strong it in a central database.

7-Why is the author write this passage?

8. What is one important idea that the writer mentions ?

9. What is one important idea that the writer mentions ?

4-التجارة

( 1 ) From the 8th century , the medieval Islamic world underwent a transformation in agricultural practice , described by the historian Andrew Watson as the Arab agricultural revolution . This transformation was driven by a number of factors including the diffusion of many crops and plants along Muslim trade routes , the spread of more advanced farming techniques , and an agricultural – economic system which promoted increased yields and efficiency . The shift in agricultural practice changed the economy , population distribution , vegetation cover , agricultural production , population levels , urban growth , the distribution of the labor force , cooking , diet , and clothing across the Islamic world
( 2 ) Muslim Traders covered much of the Old World , and trade enabled the diffusion of many crops , plants and terming techniques across the region , as well as the adaptation of crops , plants and techniques from beyond the Islamic world . This diffusion Introduced major crops to Europe by way of AL – Andalus , along with the techniques for their cultivation and cuisine . Sugar cane , rice , and cotton were among the major crops transferred along with citrus and other fruit trees , nut trees , vegetables such as eggplant , and spinach and the use of spices such as cumin , coriander and cinnamon , Intensive irrigation crop rotation and agricultural manuals were widely adopted . Irrigation , partly based on Roman technology , made use of water wheels , water mills , dams and reservoirs .

10. What is one important idea in the passage ?

11.What is the writer’s main purpose ? 

5-الباندا العملاق

1) An American-born giant panda will soon be travelling to China. The Chinese government has an agreement with foreign zoos to lend giant pandas out only for scientific study. After a few years, they, and any cubs they may produce, must all be returned to China. Mei Lan, a three year-old female, is being prepared for her trip to China, where her parents were born. A special FedEx flight from the U.S. is being arranged for her.
2) Chinese Zookeepers are getting ready for her arrival by planning a special diet, and even language lessons for her. They are advertising for a tutor to teach Mei Lan Chinese. The caretakers at her new home, the Chengdu Panda Research Center in Sichuan, want to help her adapt quickly and feel comfortable in her new environment. Mei Lan has lived at a zoo in the city of Atlanta, Georgia, since her birth, and she is unfamiliar with Chinese. The teacher must have a bachelor’s degree or higher and be fluent in both English and Chinese.

12. According to Paragraph (2), why do the Chinese zookeepers want Mei Lan to learn Chinese?

13. According to Paragraph  2 , where has Mei Lan been living ?

6-التمويل الشخصي

(1) An annual survey in 2017 from the National Endowment for Financial Education (NEFE) found Americans cited the most significant financial setbacks they experienced in 2016 as transportation issues (23 percent), housing repairs/ maintenance (20 percent), and medical care for an injury/ illness (18 percent). If faced with a major unexpected expense, over one third say they would pay for it with credit cards or emergency savings – both at 35 percent – followed by cash at 32 percent.
(2) The survey also found that nearly half (48 percent) of Americans admit that they are living paycheck to paycheck. The main reasons people believe they are living paycheck to paycheck are due to credit card debt (24 percent). employment struggles (22 percent). And mortgage/ rent payments (18 percent). Compounding the uneasiness, over three quarters (78 percent) say something causes them financialstress. Saving money (53 percent) tops the list, followed by managing debt (44 percent).
(3) «Get debt under control», says Paul Golden (a spokesman for NEFE). «Take a hard look at what you Owe. If there’s a clear warning sign of too much debt. take action. Set a goal to reduce your debt load next year by 5 to 10 percent. That might mean reducing impulse shopping. Six in 10 people admit they purchase on impulse and 80 percent of those regret purchases afterwards. When you face temptation, walk away for at least 30 minutes and see if you still want it and it’s a good idea».

14. How do most Americans deal with unexpected costs?

15. Why does the writer use the word also in Paragraph ( 2)?

16. Which expression can we use to replace the expression due to in Paragraph ( 2)?

17. How does the writer feel about unnecessary shopping ?

18. What does the writer say about personal debts in Paragraph ( 3 ) ?

7-مادة غامضة

(1) A mysterious, orange, sticky gel, found on the beaches of Kivalina, a village situated on the Alaskan coast between Kotzebue and Point Hope, was recently the source of much interest. Many people thought that the sticky gel was some strange compound that had spread as a result of a chemical reaction. Others had more far fetched ideas about the substance’s origins ranging from aliens to volcanic remains.
(2) Scientists at an Alaskan laboratory have been busy analyzing the unknown substance. They have concluded that it is a formation of microscopic eggs. One of the scientists said that there are traces of oil in the eggs, and this is what is causing the strange, orange color.
(3) The scientists have discovered that the eggs belong to a small invertebrate – a spineless animal, but they have not been able to identify the exact species.

19. The word far-fetched in Paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to ………

20. the word it in paragraph (2) refers to ……

21. According to Paragraph ( 2 ) , the gel is orange in color because it ……

8-التحليل النفسي

What are the aims and methods of psychoanalysis?
Although most of today’s therapists do not practice therapy as Sigmund Freud did. His psychoanalytic techniques survive. Psychoanalysis is part of our modern vocabulary, and its assumptions influence many other therapies.
Psychoanalysis assumes that many psychological problems are fueled by childhood’s residue of supposedly repressed impulses and conflicts. Psychoanalysts try to bring these repressed feelings into conscious awareness, where the patient can deal with them. By gaining insight into the origins of the disorder – by fulfilling the ancient imperative to “know thyself” in a deep way – the patient “works through” the buried feelings. The theory presumes that healthier, less anxious living becomes possible when patients release the energy they had previously devoted to id-ego-superego conflicts. Psychoanalysis is historical reconstructions. Its goal is to unearth the past in hope of unmasking the present. But how?
When Freud discarded hypnosis as unreliable, he turned to free association. Imagine yourself as a patient using the free association techniques. The analyst invites you to relax, perhaps by lying on a couch. He or she will probably sit out of your line of vision. Helping you focus attention on your internal thoughts and feelings. Beginning with a childhood memory, a dream, or a recent experience, you say aloud whatever comes to tour mind from moment to moment. It sounds easy, but soon you notice how often you edit your thoughts as you speak, omitting material that seems trivial, irrelevant, or shameful. Even in the safe presence of the analyst, you may pause momentarily before uttering an embarrassing thought. You may make a joking remark or change the subject to something less threatening. Sometimes your mind may go blank or you may find yourself unable to remember important details.
To the psychoanalyst, these blocks in the flow of your free associations indicate resistance. They hint that anxiety lucks and that you are repressing sensitive materials. The analyst will want to explore these sensitive areas by making you aware of your resistances and by interpreting their underlying meaning. The analyst’s interpretations – suggestions of underlying wishes, feelings, and conflicts – aim to provide people with insight. If offered at the right moment, the analyst’s interpretation – of, say, your not wanting to talk about your mother – may illuminate what you are avoiding. You may then discover what your resistances mean and how they fit with other pieces of your psychological puzzle. Freud believed that another clue to repressed impulses is your dreams’ hidden content. Thus, after inviting you to report a dream, the analyst may offer a dream analysis, suggesting its hidden meaning.
During many such sessions you will probably disclose more of yourself to your analyst than you have ever revealed to anyone. Because psychoanalytic theory emphasizes the formative power of childhood experiences, much of what you reveal will pertain to your earliest memories. You will also probably find yourself experiencing strong positive or negative feelings for your analyst. Such feelings may express the dependency or mingled love and anger that you earlier experienced toward family members or other important people in your life. When this happens, Freud would say you are actually transferring your strongest feelings from those other relationships to the analyst. Analysts and other therapists believe that this transference exposes long-repressed feelings, giving you a belated chance to work through them with your analyst’s help. By examining your feelings toward the analyst, you may also gain insight into your current relationships.
Note how much of psychoanalysis is built on the assumption that repressed memories exist. That assumption is now questioned. This challenge to an assumption that is basic to so much of professional and popular psychology is provoking intense debate. Critics also say that psychoanalysts’ interpretations are hard to refute. If, in response to the analyst’s suggested interpretation, you say, “yes! I see now,” your acceptance confirms the analyst’s interpretation. If you emphatically say. “No! That doesn’t ring true,” your denial may be taken to reveal more resistance, which would also confirm the interpretation. Psychoanalysts acknowledge that it’s hard to prove or disprove their interpretations. But they insist that interpretations often are a great help to patients. Traditional psychoanalysis is slow and expensive. It requires up to several years of several sessions a week with a highly trained and well-paid analysts. (Three times a week for just two years at $100 or more per hour comes to about $30,000.) Only those with a high income can afford such treatment. Although there are relatively few traditional psychoanalysts. Psychoanalytic assumptions influence many therapists. Especially those who make psychodynamic assumptions. Psychodynamic therapists try to understand patients’ current symptoms by exploring their childhood experiences. They probe for supposed repressed, emotion-laden information. They seek to help people gain insight into the unconscious roots of problems and work through newly resurrected feelings. Although influenced by Freud’s psychoanalysis, these therapists may talk to people face to face (rather than out of the line of vision), once a week (rather than several times weekly). And for only a few weeks or months (rather than several years).

22. What two things from childhood feed psychological problems?

23. What two things can psychoanalysis begin with ?

24. What are two characteristics of traditional psychoanalysis ?

9-المناطق الصحراوية

( 1 ) Deserts are some of the most widespread yet wexplored biomes . They cover about 1/3 of the earth’s surface and are found in 60 of the world’s nations . The largest hot desert biome ( the Sahara ) stretches over 3.5 million square miles or 9 million square kilometers , However , the Antarctica , which is a polar desert , is the largest desert overall . Many people assume that deserts cannot support any form of life , but they actually house about 4,000 different plants and animal species . Since desert biomes receive little precipitation per year the conditions are very hostile for plants and animals
( 2 ) A desert biome is a collection of habitats that develop in arid ( dry ) environments as a result of little rainfall ( 50oms per year ) or no rainfall at all . Desert biomes are classified into four ,with each having its own unique features , yet sharing great similarity regarding living and nonliving composition . They include hot and dry deserts , semi – arid deserts , coastal deserts and cold deserts , in the midst of these 4 deserts exists numerous deserts in many areas across the globe .
( 3 ) The Australian deserts consist of a collection of lowland arid eco regions in the heartland of Australia . They are hardly inhabited , and their average population density is lower than one person per square kilometer . Of all the deserts in the world , Australian deserts have the lowest human population , by far .
( 4 ) The Afrotropic desert biomes are located in Sub Saharan Africa including the southern fringe of the Arabian Peninsula . The biome receives a lot of pressure from humans , particularly in Madagascar and the Hom of Africa
( 5 ) The Indo – Malay region consists of two hot lowlands including the lndus Valley and the Thar . These deserts top the world deserts when comes to human footprint
( 6 ) The Nearctic deserts cover an estimated area of 1.04 million square miles in North America . Due to the expansion of urban conurbations like Phoenix in the US , their average population is relatively high

25.What two phrases does the writer use to say that deserts have few people ?

26. Which of the following is a fact ?

27. What can we understand about desert species ?

28. what can we understand about the Australian and the Nearctic deserts?