Model 28

1-الباندا العملاق

1) An American-born giant panda will soon be travelling to China. The Chinese government has an agreement with foreign zoos to lend giant pandas out only for scientific study. After a few years, they, and any cubs they may produce, must all be returned to China. Mei Lan, a three year-old female, is being prepared for her trip to China, where her parents were born. A special FedEx flight from the U.S. is being arranged for her.
2) Chinese Zookeepers are getting ready for her arrival by planning a special diet, and even language lessons for her. They are advertising for a tutor to teach Mei Lan Chinese. The caretakers at her new home, the Chengdu Panda Research Center in Sichuan, want to help her adapt quickly and feel comfortable in her new environment. Mei Lan has lived at a zoo in the city of Atlanta, Georgia, since her birth, and she is unfamiliar with Chinese. The teacher must have a bachelor’s degree or higher and be fluent in both English and Chinese.

1. According to Paragraph (2), why do the Chinese zookeepers want Mei Lan to learn Chinese?

2.  According to Paragraph ( 2 ) , where has Mei Lan been living ?

2-النجوم

(1) If we look at the night sky carefully, we will see that the stars are of many different colors. Some are red, others are yellow and some are blue. This is also shown when we take color photographs of the night sky. You can take such a photograph with an ordinary camera as long as it is kept steady. A thirty second exposure is sufficient.
(2) Astronomers have been able to classify stars according to color. They have found that blue stars are the largest and red stars the smallest. However, there are a few stars which cannot be classified in this way. These are the superstars. For example, Ryiejol is a blue superstar as big as 40,000 suns and Beetle juice is a superstar with a size equal to 17,000 suns.
(3) Suppose an astronomer observes two stars, one brighter than the other. If neither of them is a superstar, he will know immediately that the brighter star is closer. Astronomers have instruments like light meters which can measure the brightness of a star quite accurately. It is possible to measure a star’s distance from the earth if astronomers know the color, brightness and whether or not it is a superstar.

3. The pronoun it in Paragraph 1) refers to the ………..

4. The word brighter in Paragraph ( 3 ) is closest in meaning to………………… 

5.  Which of the following colors is NOT mentioned in the passage ? 

3-الكمبيوتر

1975
( 1 ) The first commercially available microcomputer , the Altair 880 , is the first computer to be called a ” personal computer . ” It has 64km of memory and an open 100line bus structure . Selling for about $ 400 , the Altair 880 comes in a kit to be assembled by the user .
1976
( 2 ) Steve Job and Steve Wozniak build the Apple I computer . It is less expensive and less complicated .
1977
( 3 ) The Apple II computer is unveiled . It comes already assembled in a case , with a built – in keyboard . Users must plug in their own TVs for monitors . Fully assembled microcomputers hit the general market , with Radio Shack , Commodore , and Apple all selling models .
1978
( 4 ) Intel releases the 8086 microprocessor , a 16 – bit chip that seats anew standard for power , capacity , and speed in microprocessors .
1979
( 5 ) Intel introduces the 8088 microprocessor featuring 16 – bit architecture and an 8 – bit external bus .Motorola introduces the 68000 chip used in early Macintosh computers Micropro International introduces WordStar , the commercially successful processing program for IBM – compatible microcomputers .
1980
( 6 ) IBM chooses Microsoft to provide the operating system for its upcoming PC Microsoft purchases a program developed by Seattle Computer Products called Q -DOS and modifies it to run on IBM hardware .
1981
( 7 ) IBM introduces the IBM – PC , with a 4.77 MHZ Intel 8088 CPU . 16KB of memory . a keyboard and monitor for price lag of $ 2.495 Xerox Unveils the Xerox Star computer its high price dooms the computer to commercial failure , but its features inspire a whole new direction in computer design . Its little box on wheels ( the first mouse ) can execute commands on screen .
1982
( 8 ) AutoCAD , a program for designing 2 – D and 3 – D objects is released . AutoCAD will go on to revolutionize the architecture and engineering industries Work begins of the development of TCP / IP . The term internet is used for the first time to describe the worldwide network of computers .
1983
( 9 ) Apple introduces the Lisa , the first commercial computer with a purely graphical operating system and mouse . The industry is excited , but Lisa’s $ 10.000 price tag discourages buyers .
1984
(10) Adobe systems release its PostScript system , allowing printers to produce crisp print in a number of typefaces , as well elaborate graphical images . Apple introduces the friendly Macintosh microcomputer and satellite Software international introduces the WordPerfect word processing program .
1985
( 11 ) Aldus release PageMaker for the Macintosh , the first desktop publishing software for microcomputers Microsoft announces the Windows 1.0 Operating environment , featuring the first graphical user interface for PCs .
1986
( 12 ) IBM delivers the PC convertible . IBM,s first laptop computer and the first el -based computer with a 3.5inch floppy disk drive . Microsoft sells its first public stock for $ 21 per share , raising $ 61 million in the initial public offering.
1987
( 13 ) The Macintosh II computer aimed at the desktop publishing market is introduced by Apple . It features an SVGA monitor .
1988
( 14 ) Apple Computer files the single biggest lawsuit in the computer industry against Microsoft and Hewlett – Packard . Claiming copyright infringement of its operating system A virus called the ” Internet Worm ” is released on the internet ,disabling about ten percent of all Internet host computers .
( 15 ) Tim Berners – Lee develops software around the hypertext concept . Enabling users to click on a word or phrase in a document and jump either to another location within the document or another file with the doc or to another file . This software provides the foundation for the development of the World Wide Web ,and it is the basis for the first Web browsers .

6. What is the name of the first personal computer ?

7. Which company purchased the Q – DOS program ? 

8. In which year was the Macintosh II introduced ? 

4-الضرائب والسلوك الاجتماعي

( 1 ) Taxes can be used to change people’s behavior and are often used to reduce the amount of demerit goods people buy . Demerit goods are products which can cause negative effects in an economy . Cigarette smoking is one example and taxing smokers should , in theory , reduce the demand for cigarettes . Taxes are also used to protect the natural environment by charging those who pollute or damage it . For example , countries such as the UK and China tax cars based on the engine size because vehicles with larger engines tend to cause more pollution .
( 2 ) Another example is the tax on plastic bags . Before July 2009 , Hong Kong used an average of 30 million plastic bags every day ! For quite a small population of 7 million people , this meant the average person in Hong Kong was using more than four plastic bags every day , often just using each plastic bag once only . This amazing figure meant that the country’s landfills would be unable to cope with the bags when they were thrown away
( 3 ) Hong Kong’s introduction of a small tax ( 6.5 US cents ) on the use of plastic bags has encouraged people to use recycled shopping bags . In fact , demand for plastic bags fell by 85 percent within the first 2 days of the tax being introduced . This follows similar moves made by other countries such as China ( in 2007 ) and Ireland in 2002 ) .

9. What is one important idea related to demerit goods in Paragraph ( 1 ) ?

10. Which two countries put higher taxes on cars with larger engines ? 

11. What important idea related to plastic bags is mentioned in Paragraphs ( 2 ) and ( 3 ) ? 

12.  What is the main topic of the passage ? 

5-الانهيار المالي

( 1 ) From the mid – 1990s , financial institutions were putting more and more money into new kinds of very risky investments . Some of these investments are very difficult to understand , but the particular investments are a less important factor than the technique called leverage that was ( and is used to make those investments .
( 2 ) So what is leverage ? In essence , it just refers to the practice of borrowing money to make an investment . To see how it works and to see both how attractive it can seem and how extremely risky it is , let’s compare leverage with an old-fashioned investment . Say you have $ 20,000 to invest in property . You buy land worth $20,000 . Over a period of time its market value increases by 10 % . You make $ 2,000 . In the old days you might have been happy with that . $ 2,000 is nice , but more would be better , wouldn’t it ? So why not leverage ?
( 3 ) If you have $ 20,000 , you should be able to persuade a financial institution to lend you a lot more . Let’s say you are loaned 19 times your original amount , making the total sum $ 400,000 . Wow ! So you invest $ 400,000 in property . The value increases by 10 % . You sell the property and count your profits and find that you have made $ 40,000 . Instead of the 10 % profit you would have made with the old – fashioned technique , you have made 200 % !! Of course you have to pay interest on the money you borrowed , and that might cut your profits in half , but 100 % profit ( $ 20,000 ) is still way , way better than 10 % ( $ 2,000 ) .

13. What does Paragraph ( 2 ) say about old – fashioned investments ?

14. How did leverage solve the issue of low investment returns ? 

15. Why does the writer use Instead in Paragraph ( 3 ) ?

16. Which word can we use to replace the word So in Paragraph ( 3 ) ? 

17. What does the writer think about old – fashioned investment ? 

6-متوسط العُمُر

(1) The life expectancy is the average age to which a newborn baby can be expected to live . In Europe between 1830 and 1900 the life expectancy was 40-50 years . Between 1900 and 1950 it rose to 65 and now it is 73-74 years . In central Africa , life expectancy was rising to 58 years until the ADDS epidemic caused it to fall back to about 45 years .
( 2 ) These figures are averages . They do not mean , for example , that everyone in the developing world will live to the age of 58. In the developing world , 40 % of the deaths are of children younger than 5 years and only 25-30 % are deaths of people over 60. In Europe’s , only 520 % of deaths are those of children below the age of 5 , but 70-80 % are of people over 60 .
( 3 ) An increase in the number of people over the age of 60 does not change the rate of population growth much , because these people are past the age when they can have children . On the other hand , if the death rate among children falls and the extra children survive to have children of their own , then the population will continue to grow . This is the chief reason for the rapid population growth in the developing world since 1950 .

18. What did ADDS lead to in central Africa ?

19. What can cause growth in population rate ? 

20. The word rapid in Paragraph ( 3 ) is closest in meaning to ……….

21. The word chief in Paragraph ( 3 ) is closest in meaning to……………. 

7-العضلات والأعصاب

( 1 ) Muscle tissue is specialized for contraction . When muscle cells contract , they shorten and bring about some type of movement . There are three types of muscle tissue: skeletal , smooth , and cardiac . The movements each can produce have very different purposes.
Skeletal muscle
( 2 ) Skeletal muscle may also be called striated muscle or voluntary muscle. Each one describes particular aspect of this tissue , as you will see . The skeletal muscles cells are cylindrical have several nuclei each , and appear striated or striped . The striations are the result of the precise arrangement of the contracting proteins within the cells , skeletal muscle tissue makes up the muscle that are attached to bones . These muscles are supplied with motor nerves , and this move the skeleton . They also produce a significant amount of heat , which is important to help maintain the body’s constant temperature . Each muscle cell has its own motor nerve ending . The nerve impulses that can then travel to the muscles are essential to cause contraction .Although we do not have to consciously , plan all our movements . The nerve impulses for them originate in the cerebration . The ” thinking ” part of the brain .Let us return to the three names for this tissue ” skeletal ” describes its location , ” striated ” describes its appearance , and ” voluntary ” describes how it functions .
Smooth Muscle
( 3 ) Smooth muscle may also be called involuntary muscle or visceral muscle. The cells of smooth muscle have tapered ends , a single nucleus . and no striations .Although nerve impulses do bring about contractions , this is not something most of us can control , once the name involuntary . The rerun visceral refers to internal organs , many of which contain smooth muscle . The function of smooth muscle are actually functions of the organs in which muscle is found in the smooth and infections , smooth muscle contracts in waves called peristalsis to propel food .through the digestive tract . In the walls of arteries and values , smooth muscle constricts or dilates the velars to maintain normal blood pressure . The inks of the eye has two type of smooth muscle . There to constrict or dilates the pupil which regulates the amount of light that strikes the retime . Other functions of smooth muscle are mentioned in later chapters . This is an important times that you will come across again and again in our study of the injured body .
Cardiac muscle
( 4 ) The cells of the heart , cardiac muscle , are branched have one muscles each ,and have faint serration . The cell membranes at the ends of these cells are somewhat folded and fit into matching folds of the membranes of the next cells . (Interlock the fingers of both hands to get an idea of what these adjacent members look like . ) These interlocking folds are called intercalated discs , and permit the electrical impulses of muscle confection to pass swiftly from cell to cell . This enables the heart to beat in a very perceive wave of contractions from the upper chambers to the lower chambers , cardiac muscle as a whom is called the myocardium , and forms the walls of the four chambers of the heart . Its function . Therefore , is the function of the heart , to bump blood . The contractions of the myocardium create blood pressure and keep blood circulating throughout the body , so that the blood can carry out its many functions . Cardiac muscle cells have the ability to contract by themselves . Thus , the heart maintains its own beat . The rule of nerve impasses is to increase or decrease the heart rate , depending upon whatever is needed by the body in the particular situation .
Nerve Tissue
( 5 ) Nerve tissue consists of nerve cells called neurons and some specialized cells found only in the nervous system . The nervous system have two divisions : the central nervous system ( CNS ) and the peripheral nervous system ( PNS ) . The brain and spinal cord are the organs of the CNS . They are made of nervous and specialized cells .called neuroglia . the PNS consistencies of all the nerves that energy from the CNS and supply the rest of the body . there nerves are made of neurons and specialized cells called Schwann cells . the Schwann cells form myelin sheaths to electrically instate nervous . Nervous are capable of generating and transmuting electrochemical impulses . There are carry different kinds of nervous , but they all have the same basic structure . The cell body contains the muscles and is essential for the continuing life of the nervous . An axon is a process ( the name ” process ” here meants ” something that sticks cell . ” a cellular extension ) that carries impulses away from the cell body . It neuron has only one axon . Dendrites into processes that carry impulses forward the cell body , a neuron may have several dendrites . A nerve impulse travels along the cell membrane of a nervous and is electrical . But where nervous need there is a small space called synapse. Which an electrical imputes cannot cross . At a synapse , between the axon of the neuron and the dendrite of cell body of the next neuron , impales transmission depends upon chemicals called neurotransmitters .

22. What are two other muscle names for skeletal muscle ?

23. What are two other names for smooth muscle ? 

24. What are two divisions of the nervous system ?

8-التشغيل الآلي

The principal benefit of supermarket automation is inventory control . The computer has a comprehensive record of each item sold as well as a record of the quantity still in stock . Once this information is in the computer’s memory , it is a simple matter to have the computer print out daily a list of those items that have gone below a predetermined number and , so , need to be reordered . In effect , the responsibility of having to decide whether to reorder each of perhaps 8,000 products is taken from the store manager , who cannot accurately analyze every one of the 8,000 situations simultaneously , and is given to a system ideally suited for such routine decision – making .

25. The word comprehensive in the passage is closest in meaning to …………….

26. The word ideally in the passage is closest in meaning …………….

9-التضخم

( 1 ) Because Germany had no goods to trade after its defeat in WW1 , the Weimar government simply printed money . For Weimar government leaders this seemed an attractive solution . It paid off its debts in the failing German currency , the mark , including war loans of over € 2200 million . The great industrialists were able to pay of all their debts as well .
( 2 ) This set off a chain reaction . With so much money in circulation prices and wages rocketed , but people soon realized that this money was useless . Workers needed trolleys to carry home their pay . Wages began to be paid daily instead of weakly . The price of goods could rise between joining the back of a queue in a shop and reaching the front !
( 3 ) While you might think that the poor suffered most , some historians argue that the greatest casualties were middle – class Germans – those with saving A prosperous middle – class family would find that their savings in the bank , which might have bought them a house in 1921 , by 1923 would not even buy a loaf of bread . Pensioners found that their previously adequate monthly pension would not even buy a cup of coffee .
( 4 ) It was clear to all , both inside and outside Germany , that the situation needed urgent action . In August 1923 a new government under Gustav Stresemann took over He called off the passive resistance in the Ruhr . He called in the useless marks and burned them , replacing them with a new Currency – the American – backed Retenmark . He negotiated to reduce Germany’s debt and receive American loans under the Dawes Plan In addition , Germany repaired relations with its neighbors and reopened tune with renewed trade and the flow of American dollars , life improved . The economic crisis was shed very quickly . Some historians suggest that this is evidence that many problems were not as severe as its politicians had made out .
( 5 ) It is also increasingly clear , however , that the hyperinflation had done great political damage to the Weimar government Their right wing opponents had yet another problem to blame them for the movement had lost the part of the middle classes .

27. What phrase other than ” economic crisis ” does the writer describe the problems caused by hyperinflation ?

28.  Which of the following is an opinion ? 

29. How is some historians ‘ view of hyperinflation victims different from the common view ? 

30. What can we understand from Paragraph ( 5 ) about the opponents of the Weimar government? 

31. What can we understand from Paragraph ( 4 ) about the solution to the crisis ? 

10-كيمياء

The branch of science now called chemistry was in medieval times called alchemy .Alchemists believed that any substance could be transformed into any other substance, and many of them tried unsuccessfully to turn ordinary metals into gold . With the advances of the Scientific Revolution , the experiments of alchemists were abandoned . However , some of their practices – especially the manipulation of metals and acids – set the stage for modern chemistry .

32. The word abandoned in the passage is closest in meaning to…………………

11-الهوس

Passage A : What Is Mania?
( 1 ) Mania is state of elevated energy , mood , and behavior . It is most often seen those with mental illnesses such as bipolar disorder , or schizoaffective disorder . Mania may also appear in people who have taken certain drugs or medications .While the feelings present in mania can be positive . Full of energy , or even euphoric ( extremely happy ) . They may also be negative – felling of anger , fear , or grandiosity ( false ) belief in the level of your own importance ) .
( 2 ) The symptoms of mania can go from mild ( known as hypomania ) to strong (known as a manic episode ) : at its highest level main can cause delusions ( false believes ) . Violence and an increased risk of suicide a mania episode can test anywhere from several days to several months and symbols will usually get worse and worse . Hypomania can sometimes have appositive effects . Like increased ability to get work done and grater feelings of hopes.
( 3 ) Bipolar disorder is the most command courses of mania though symptoms of depression occur most frequently in bipolar disorder . All people suffering from the illness also experience some form of mania at least once . When mania is accompanied by desirous . Schizoaffective disorder is more likely to be indicated tenement for the mania of these disorder ( illnesses ) usually includes drags to control mood , such as x lithium : take therapy is also recommended to help patients , learn to deal with symptoms and develop healthy living plans there many reduce their risk of suffering from mains in the future .
Passage B : Bipolar Disorder
( 1 ) Bipolar disorder is a mental that illness that causes unusual changes in mood , energy , activity levels , concentration , and the ability to carry out everyday tasks .
( 2 ) Mood changes go from periods of extrorsely ” up ” , happy , ” angry ” or energized behavior , known as mania , to very ” down ” sad , indifferent , or hopeless periods , known as depression . Depression is the most common feature of the illness .
( 3 ) Sometimes people experience symptoms of mania and depression in the same time . These periods are called episodes with mixed features . People experiencing an episode with mixed features may feel very sad , empty , or hopeless , while at the same time felling extremely energized .
( 4 ) A person may have bipolar even if symptoms are less extreme . For example , some people with bipolar disorder expertness hypomania , a milder form of mania . During hypomania period , a person may feel very good , successfully finish tasks , and keep up will everyday life . The person may not feel that anything is wrong , but family and friends may recognize the changes in mood or activity levels as possible bipolar disorder . Without proper filament , people with hypomania can develop severe mania or depression .
( 5 ) Bipolar disorder is typically identified when patients are teenagers or young adults , occasionally , bipolar symptoms can appeal in children . Bipolar disorder can also appear in women when they first become pregnant . Victims of the illness require treatment their whole lives . therapy and medication can help people manage symptoms and improve their quality of live.

33. What can we understand from passages A and B about hypomania?

34. Which of the following are symptoms of bipolar disorder according to passages A and B ? 

35. What do passages A and B say about bipolar disorder ? 

36. What can we understand from passages A and B about depression ?

12-مادة غامضة

(1) A mysterious, orange, sticky gel, found on the beaches of Kivalina, a village situated on the Alaskan coast between Kotzebue and Point Hope, was recently the source of much interest. Many people thought that the sticky gel was some strange compound that had spread as a result of a chemical reaction. Others had more far fetched ideas about the substance’s origins ranging from aliens to volcanic remains.
(2) Scientists at an Alaskan laboratory have been busy analyzing the unknown substance. They have concluded that it is a formation of microscopic eggs. One of the scientists said that there are traces of oil in the eggs, and this is what is causing the strange, orange color.
(3) The scientists have discovered that the eggs belong to a small invertebrate – a spineless animal, but they have not been able to identify the exact species.

37. According to Paragraph 1), the strange, orange substance was found…….

38. The word far – fetched in Paragraph ( 1 ) is closest in meaning to ……………..

39. The word it in Paragraph ( 2 ) refers to ……….