Model 32

1-الطبيب المساعد

My uncle Ahmad is a physician. He helps people when they are sick. When his patients go to the office, he may ask them to breathe while he listens to their chest. Then he listens to the sound of the air in their lungs. He may have to ask them many questions and examine them to see what is making them sick. He helps people have better health.

1. This passage is about a …….. …….

2. The word examine in the passage is closest in meaning to ……………… closely. 

2-آدم وإريك

Adam is not as tall as Eric. .

3. The passage says that ……… ……..

القطعة تقول ان

3-البركان

(1) A volcano is an opening in Earth’s crust. When a volcano erupts, hot gases and melted rock from deep within Earth find their way up to the surface. This material may flow slowly out of a fissure, or crack, in the ground, or it may explode suddenly into the air Volcanic eruptions may be very destructive. But they also create new landforms. There are more than 1.500 potentially active volcanoes in the world today.
(2) During a volcanic eruption, hot melted rock called magma escapes from a vent, or opening in Earth’s surface, or crust. Magma released from a volcano is known as lava. Fresh lava ranges from 1.300 to 2.200 o F 700 to 1.200 o C) in temperature. Earth’s crust is made up of huge, rocky pieces called plates. The plates move slowly over the crust. Most volcanoes lie along the boundaries between these plates.
(3) Some of the most violent eruptions take place where the edge of one plate is forced beneath the edge of another. This forces magna to rise to the surface. Hot gases in the magma make these volcanoes very explosive. Most volcanoes of this type are found around the edges of the Pacific Ocean. This huge circle of volcanoes is known as the Ring of Fire.
(4) Volcanoes also form in places where two plates slowly pull apart. Molten rock rises between the plates as they move apart. It causes fissure eruptions, in which lava flows out over the ground. This type of volcano is common along the Mid-Atlantic Ride, a mountain chain under the Atlantic Ocean.
Volcanoes in the northern part of this ridge formed the island country of Iceland. A small member of volcanoes are not located along the edges of places. They form at “hot spots” in Earth’s crust. At a hot spot, molten rock rises from deep below the crust. The volcanoes of Hawaii are the best examples of hot-spot volcanoes.
(5) The word volcano comes from the name of Vulcan. The ancient romans god of fire and metalworking. The Roman believed that volcano eruptionsresulted when Vulcan made thunderbolts and weapons for the gods. Other cultures explained volcanoes as ordinates of anger from a god goddess. Pele was the name of the volcano goddess of the native Hawaiians. Volcanoes have a long history of distinction. In ad 79, the eruption of Mount volcanoes destroyed the Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum.
(6) Two of the deadliest volcanic eruptions happened in 1815 and 1883 on islands in what is now Indonesia. In 1815, Mount Tambora released so much ash into the air that it blocked out large amount of sunlight. Temperatures around the world dropped for months afterword, making 1816 a “year without summer”. in 1853 the volcano Krakatoa exploded and collapsed triggering a colossal sea wave known as a tsunami. tens of thousands of people were killed by these.
(7) On May 8, 1902, Mount Pelee erupted on the Caribbean Island of Martinique. Although very little lava flowed, an unstoppable black cloud of hot gases and ash engulfed the city of Saint-Pierre, killing almost all of its 30.000 people. The birth of a volcano was witnessed between 1943 and 1952, when a smoking hole in a Mexican farmer’s cornfield erupted into a new mountain called Paricutin that eventually stood 1,400 feet (425 meters) above the level ground around it.
(8) Another notable event took place in 1963, when a new volcanic island called Sartsey rose up from the Atlantic Ocean near Iceland. Within a few years it built up to an area of 1 square mile (25 square kilometers), with a peak more than 560 feet (170 meters) above sea level.
(9) The 1980 eruption of Mount Saint Helens, in the U.S. state of Washington, was one of the biggest in North America. The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo, in the Philippines, was the largest of the 1900s. These eruptions killed fewer people than earlier volcanoes, but they still destroyed much property. Another volcano in Iceland erupted in 2010 and caused major problems for travelers throughout the world. The volcano produced a huge ash cloud that spread to the east. It caused many airports in Europe to close because it was too dangerous for plans to fly through the ash.

4. Which year was called “the year without a summer”?

5. Which Island was formed by volcanoes?

6. What is lava

4-أهمية الإعلان

(1) Whenever people give information to the public about an event, a product, or a service, they are using advertising. A piece of advertising is called an advertisement, or ad. Ads appear almost everywhere. They are found in newspapers and magazines. They appear on television, radio, and the Internet. Ads are also posted as signs in all kinds of public places.
(2) The goal of most advertising is to make the public want to buy whatever is being advertised. People also use advertising to make the public form opinions about things. For example, an ad could try to make the public believe that a company treats its workers well.
(3) When advertisers want many people to see or hear their ads, they pay the media to have the ads published or broadcast. Newspapers and magazines publish, or print ads between their articles. Television and radio network broadcast, or play ads during their programs. Television and radio ads are also called commercials. Web sites, buses, movie theaters, and many other places also display ads in exchange for money.
(4) Signs were the fast form of advertising. Even thousands of years ago people created hand-lettered signs to advertise their goods and services. The invention of the printing press in the 1400s expanded this type of advertising. Merchants could print dozens of the same posters and fliers to advertise what they were selling. In the 1600s and 1700s newspapers appeared in Europe. The Americas and Japan. Advertising then became even more widespread.

7. What is one important idea related to advertisements that the writer mentions in Paragraph (2)

8. What is one important idea related to advertisements that the writer mentions in Paragraph 1?

9. What does the writer want to show when he mentions that an ad could make us believe that company treats its workers well? 

10. What is the main topic of the passage?

5-إعادة التدوير

(1) As minerals and other resources become scarcer, they also become more expensive. It then pays to use them more than once. The recycling of materials may also reduce the amount of energy used in manufacturing. In turn, this helps to conserve fuels and reduce pollution.
(2) For example, producing aluminum alloys from scrap uses only 5% of the energy that would be needed to make them from aluminum ores. In 2000, Europe recycled 64.396 of the aluminum in waste. Germany and Finland do really well, partly because they have a deposit scheme on cans: they recycle between 95 and 96% of their aluminum waste.
(3) About 60% of the lead used in Britain is recycled. This seems quite good until you realise that it also means that 40 of this poisonous substance enters the environment.
(4) Manufacturing glass bottles uses about three times more energy than if they were collected, sorted, cleaned and reused. Recycling the glass from bottles does not save energy but does reduce the demand for sand used in glass manicure. In 2007, 57% of glass containers were recycled in Britain.
(5) Polythene waste is now also recycled. The plastic is used to make items such as car seat covers, sports shoes, hi-tech headphones and even bridges.
(6) Waste paper can be pulped and used again, mainly for making paper and cardboard. Newspapers are de-inked and used again for newsprint. One ton of waste paper is equal to perhaps 17 trees (Paper is made from wood-pp.) So collecting waste paper may help to cut a country’s import bill for timber and spare a few more hectares of this from the spread of commercial forestry.

11. Why is Finland and Germany’s recycling program successful?

12. What does the writer think about Britain’s lead recycling program? 

13. What does the passage say about recycling glass bottles?

14. Which words can we use to replace “such as” in Paragraph (5)?

15. Which word can we use to replace the word “So” in Paragraph (6)?

6-البرامج الضارة والفيروسات

(1) Malware and viruses are programs that can attack digital devices such as computers, tablets, phones and others. Virus is a small program created to harm, or make trouble; by gaining access to your device and infecting, it can copy your personal data or slow your device down. A virus works by attaching itself to other files.
(2) By combining the words “malicious” (meaning “damaging”) and “software” we get the word “malware”. Viruses are one type of malware. Malware is made to stop your device from running property and sometimes to steal information. Your device can be infected very quickly by malware. It could crash, slow down or turn back on again. Your internet connection may also down as the virus or worm searches for other devices to infect, or sends your information back to the person or people who created it.
(3) Virus is a type of malware that travels through normal programs. Once your device has a virus it my pass easily and quickly to other files. A virus might just slow down your device or it might be so bad that you lose your applications and documents!
(4) A worm can travel from device to device, but is different from virus as they don’t need to attach themselves to other programs. Worms can copy themselves hundreds of times, so they can very quickly harm your device and other devices. A worm can copy itself onto your account and then send a copy to all of your email contacts.

16. What is the reason for a slow internet connection?

17. What is one negative effect of worms?

18. The word device in Paragraph (1) is closest in meaning to …………………

19. The word infect in Paragraph (2) is closest in meaning to…………………….

7-التشريح

(1) Anatomy is a field in the biological sciences concerned with the identification and description of the body. structures of living things. Gross anatomy involves the study of major body structures by dissection and observation and in its narrowest sense is concerned only with the human body. “Gross anatomy customarily refers to the study of those body structures large enough to be examined without the help of magnifying devices, while microscopic anatomy is concerned with the study of structural units small enough to be seen only with a light microscope. Dissection is basic to all anatomical research. The fest record of its use was made by the Greeks, and Theophrastus called dissection anatomy,” from ana termnein, meaning, “to cut up”. Comparative anatomy, the other major subdivision of the field, compares S e body structures in different species of animals in order to understand the adaptive changes they have undergone in the course of evolution.
Grass Anatomy
(2) This ancient discipline reached its culmination between 1500 and 1850, by which time its subject matter was firmly established. None of the world’s oldest civilizations dissected a human body, which most people regarded with superstitions awe and associated with the spirit of the departed soul. Beliefs in life after death and a disquieting certainty concerning the possibility of bodily resurrection further inhibited systematic study. Nevertheless, knowledge of the body was acquired by treating wounds, hiding in childbirth. and setting broken limbs. The field remained speculative rather than descriptive, though, until the achievements of the Alexandra medical school and its foremost figure, Herophilus (flourished 300 BCE), who dissected human cadavers and thus gave anatomy a considerable actual basis for the first time. Herophilus made many important discoveries and was followed by his younger contemporary Erasistratus, who is sometimes regarded as the founder of physiology. In the 2nd century CE, Greek physician Galen assembled and arranged all the discoveries of the Greek anatomists (scientists who study anatomy), including with them his own concepts of physiology and his discoveries in experimental medicine. The many books Galen wrote became the unquestioned authority for anatomy and medicine in Europe because they were the only ancient Greek anatomical texts that survived the Dark Ages in The form of Arabic (and then Latin) translations.
(3) Owing to church prohibitions against dissection, European medicine in the Middle Ages relied upon Galen’s mixture of fact and fancy rather than on direct observation for its anatomical knowledge, though some dissections were authorized for teaching purposes. In the early 16th century, the artist Leonardo da Vinci undertook his own dissections and his beautiful and accurate anatomical drawings cleared the way for Flemish physician Andreas Vesalius to “restore” the science of anatomy with his monumental De humani corporis fabrica libri septem (1543; “The Seven Books on The Structure of the Human Body”), which was the first comprehensive and illustrated textbook of atomy. As a professor at the University of Padua Vesalnis encouraged younger scientists to accept traditional anatomy only after verifying it themselves. and this more critical and questioning attitude broke Galea’s authority and placed anatomy on a farm foundation of observed fact and demonstration.
(4) From Vesalius’s exact descriptions of the skeleton, muscles, blood vessels, nervous system, and digestive tract. This successors in Padua progressed to studies of the digestive glands and the urinary and reproductive systems. Hieronymus Fabricius, Gabriello Fallophus and Bartolomeo Estachio were among the most important itatin anatomists, and their detailed studies led to fundamental progress in the related field of physiology. William Harvey discovery of the circulation of the blood, for instance, was based partly on Fabricius’s detailed descriptions of the venous Valves.
(5) The new application of magnifying glasses and compound microscopes to biological studies in the second half of the 17th century was the most important factor in the subsequent development of anatomical research. Primitive early microscopies enabled Marcello Malpighi to discover the system of tiny capillaries connecting the arterial and venous networks, Robert Hooke to first observe the small compartments in plants that he called “cells” and Anrvonie van Leeuwenhoek to observe muscle fibres and spermatozoa. Thenceforth attention gradually shifted from the identification and understanding of bodily structures visible to the naked eye to those of microscopic size.
(6) The use of the microscope in discovering minute, previously unknown Features was pursued on a more systematic basis in the 19th century, but progress tended to be slow until technical improvements in the compound microscope itself, beginning in the 1830s with the gradual development of achromatic lenses, greatly increased that instrument’s resolving power. These technical advances enabled Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwan to recognize in 1838-39 that the cell is the fundamental until of organization all living things. The need for thinner, more transparent tissue species for study under the light microscope stated the development of improved methods of dissection, notably machines called microtomes that can slice specimens into extremely thin sections. In order to better distinguish the detail in these sections. Synthetic dyes were used to stain tissues with different colors. This sections and staining had become standard tools for microscopic anatomists by the late 19th century. the field of cytology, which is the study of tissue organization from the cellular level up. Both arose in the 191h century with the data and techniques of microscopic anatomy as their bodies.
(7) In the 20th century anatomists tended to scrutinize tinier and tinier units of structure as new technologies enabled them to discern details far beyond the limits of resolution of light microscopes. These advances were made possible by the electron microscope, which stimulated an enormous amount of research on subcellular structures beginning in the 1950s and became the prime tool of Anatomical research. About the same time, the use of X-ray diffraction for studying the structures of many types of molecules present in living things gave rise to the new subspecialty of molecular anatomy.

20. Who were among the first notable people to illustrate their studies of anatomy?

21. What things did primitive microscopes allow Antonie van Leeuwenhoek to study?

22. Which new technologies enabled anatomists to see details beyond the limits of light 

8-الاستدامة

(1) The definition of sustainability is not nearly as simple as it might seem; the same is true for the definition of Sustainable development. This is best illustrated by the fact that there are over 200 different documented definitions of sustainable development. However, the most common definition, which was established by the Brundtland Commission in 1987, is the following:
(2) Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”
(3) This implies that we need to look after our planet, our Sources, and our people to ensure that we can live in a stable manner and that we can give our planet to our children and our grandchildren to live in true suitability.
(4) But what it sustainability? The definition of Suitability may be taken further. It is widely accepted that to achieve true stability we must balance economic. Environment and social factors in equal harmony.

23. The word illustrated in Paragraph (1) is closest in meaning to ………….

24. The word documented in Paragraph (1) is closest in meaning to ……………….

25. The word implies in Paragraph (3) is closest in meaning to …………………

9-الفكر الاقتصادي غير الغربي

(1) Western historians of economic thought, like ourselves have a tendency to focus on Western writers. Whether This is justified or not is a matter or opinion JA Schumpeter, who wrote a comprehensive, widely respected history of economic thought in 1954, held that he could find non –Western early economic writing with any analytic content and further that no piece of reasoning on strictly economic topics has come down to us that can be called “Scientific” within our meaning of the term “Schumpeter also pointed to what he regarded as a curious gap in economic literature between the writings of the Greeks and Aquinas, a period of nearly one thousand years during which no economic writings of merit seemed to have been produced.
(2) Scholars since Schumpeter have questioned his conclusions and have been to find so interesting early economic wines of merit. We will briefly newly translated works of a seventh century BCE Chinese writer, Oman Zhong (725-645 BC). For example, in order to give you a favor of his contributions and, more broadly to suggest that analysis of economic activity is likely to occur at various times and places. The majority of early Chinese wings on economics fit Schumpeter’s characterization they were essentially limited to considerations of public administration within ethical networks, rather than strictly scientific” studies. Oman Zhong’s book Guan zi, however, stands out as going far beyond the administrative mold. It includes a number of ideas that central to economic thinking. Probably the most important of these is his “light/heavy” theory. An anticipation of supply/demand theory. Others include his anticipation of the quantity theory, his discussion of countercyclical fiscal policy. and his appreciation for the workings of the market.
(3) Guan Zhong argued that when a good was abundant it became light and its price would fail. When it was locked away it became heavy, and its price would rise. There would be movements of goods into and out of markets based on their lightness and heaviness, with a definite tendency toward one price equilibrium. Thus, the light heavy theory is a statement of the law of supply and demand.

26. What word other than analytic content” does the writer use to talk about economic writing?

27. Which of the following does the writer say is a fact?

28. What can we understand about economic thought from Paragraph (1)?

29. What can we understand about Zhong’s ideas from Paragraph (3)? 

10-الرياح

Passage A
(1) Wind power is an alternative energy source. This means that the power of the wind can be used in place of other energy sources such as coal, oil, and nuclear reactions. Wind can be used to produce electricity that heats homes and lights streets and buildings.
(2) Wind power is harnessed by a machine called a wind turbine. Wind turbines are all towers topped with blades. The blades are connected to a vertical shaft, or rod. When wind causes the blades to spin, they tum the shaft. The tuning shaft provides power to a machine called a generator, which produces electricity. A group of wind turbines, called a wind farm, can be used to provide electricity to a community. Small turbines provide power for individual homes.
(3) Wind turbines used to be called winds. The earliest known windmills were built more than 1,000 years ago. People used them to grind grin. The Dutch used Windmills to pump water out of low-lying areas near the sea.
Passage B
(1) Wind power is cost-effective. Land-based utility-scale wind is one of the lowest priced energy sources available today, costing 1-2 cents per kilowatt-hour to the production tax credit. Because the electricity from wind farms is sold at a fixed price over a long period of time (e.g. 20+ years) and its fuel is free, wind energy mitigates the price uncertainty that fuel costs add to traditional sources of energy.
(2) Wind creates jobs. The US wind sector employs more than 100.000 work , and wind turbine tech n is one of the fastest growing American jobs. According to the Wind Vision Report wind has the potential to Scout more than 600.000 job in manufacturing. installation, maintenance, and supporting services by 2050.
(3) It’s a clean fuel source. Wind energy doesn’t pollute the air like power plants that rely on combustion of fossil fuels, such as con or a s, which emit particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxide -causing In health problems and economic damages. Wind Turbines don’t produce atmospheric emissions that cause acid rain. smog, or greenhouse gases.

30. What do Passages A and B say about wind?

31. What can we understand from Passages A and B about energy sources?

32. What can we understand from Passages A and B about wind farms?

11-اللغة والهوية

(1) Language is a way to communicate. We begin to learn language as infants and become accustomed to our native language. language therefore becomes a problem for immigrants, especially between the first and second generations. This language barrier also results in the second generation losing their identity.
(2) First generation immigrants in America suffer in lots of areas because of language difficulties. Naturally, they want their children to speak English both at home and at school in order to be more successful. This results in their children losing their ethnic identity and even more. Ignoring their parents because there is now a language between them.
(3) For example, my three cousins were all born in the States. The eighteen-years- old daughter speaks both English and Korean very well. She has no problems talking with her parents, but she does have trouble understanding Korean jokes, and there are sometimes misunderstandings. The second daughter is fourteen years old and she resists speaking Korean. My aunt often gets upset with her because she is much Americanized and they cannot understand each other Even when my aunt punishes her, this daughter does not understand what my aunt is talking about. I felt sympathy for my aunt whenever my fourteen-year-old cousin said, “Mom, what is your problem?
(4) The third child is a twelve-year-old son. He speaks English to his parents and my aunt speaks Korean to him he does to the second canter. He also has a problem communicating with his parents. My tis trying to encourage him to learn both languages, but it is very bed for at because he speaks English all day and fail to understand why he should learn Korean.
(5) Immigrants try to preserve their native language in their new country while string to learn a new language. My aunt was her children to succeed in the US, but she also wants to help them understand the Korean language in order to understand the Korean heritage. The second generation often gets confused about their Identity. My aunt’s children, for example, see themselves as being different from others in both places in the US they look Korean and in Korea they act like Americans. My cousins told me that when they visited Korea a few years ago, they felt different because they wore different clothes and walked differently.
(6) Language is important and valuable for any reasons. Immigrants must imagine a strong mutual understanding with the family and enable their children to appreciate the heritage. Being at ease in using both the first and second languages is important not only for attaining familial harmony, but also in helping the second generation establish the identity

34. What is the main idea of the passage?

35. The word suffer in Paragraph (2) is closest in meaning to having ……………….

36. According to Paragraph (3), which of the following is NOT TRUE about the 18-year-old daughter?

37. The pronoun they in Paragraph (3) refers to the mother and her …………..