Model 33

1-التعبئة والتغليف

(1) Packaging involves designing and producing the container or wrapper for a product. Traditionally the primary function of the package was to hold and protect the product. In recent times, however, numerous factors have made packaging an important marketing tool as well. Increased competition and clutter on retail store shelves means that packages must now perform many sales tasks – from attracting attention, to describing the product, to making the sale.
(2) Companies are realizing the power of good packaging to create immediate consumer recognition of brand. For example, an average supermarket stocks 45,000 items; the average Wal-Mart supercenter carries 142,000 items. The typical shopper passes by some 300 items per minute. And more than 70 percent of all purchase decisions are made in stores. In this highly competitive environment, the package may be the seller’s last and best chance to influence buyers. Thus, for many companies, the package itself has become an important promotional medium.
(3) Poorly designed packages can cause headaches for consumers and lost sale for the company. Think about all those hard-to-open packages, such as DVD cases sealed with impossibly sticky labels. Packaging with finger- splitting wire twist-tie, or sealed plastic clamshell containers that take the equivalent of the fire department’s Jaws of Life to open. Such packaging causes what amazon.com calls “wrap rage” the frustration we feel when trying to free a product from a nearly impenetrable package. “Amazon.com recently launched a multi-year initiative to alleviate wrap rage. It’s working with companies such as Fisher-Price, Mattel, Microsoft, and others to create “frustration-free packaging –smaller, easy to open recyclable packages that use less packaging material and no frustrating plastic clamshells or wire ties. These new packages not only reduce customer frustration, they also cut down on packaging waste and energy usage, “It will take many years” says the company. “But our vision is to offer our entire catalog of products in frustration-free packaging.
(4) Innovative packaging can give a company an advantage over competitors and boost sales. Sometimes even seemingly small packaging improvements can make a big difference. For example. Heinz revolutionized the 170-year-old condiments industry by inverting the good old ketchup bottle, letting customers quickly squeeze out even the last bit of ketchup. At the same time. It adopted a fridge-door-fit shape that not only slots into shelves more easily but also have a cap that is simpler for children to open. In the four months following the introduction of the new package. Sales jumped 12 percent. What’s more? The new package does double duty as a promotional tool says a packaging analyst. “When consumers see the Heinz logo on the fridge door every time, they open it. It’s taking marketing inside homes.”
(5) In recent years, product safety has also become a major packaging concern. We have all learned to deal with hard-to-open “childproof” packaging. And after the rash of product tampering scares during the 1980s. most drag producers and food makers now put their products in tamper-resistant packages. In making packaging decisions, the company also must heed growing environmental concerns. Fortunately, many companies have gone “green” by reducing their packaging and using environmentally responsible packaging materials.

1. What was the main function of packaging traditionally?

2. How many items does a typical shopper pass by in a minute?

3. How many companies is Amazon working with to reduce “wrap rage”?

4. According to Paragraph 4), how did Heinz revolutionize the condiments industry?

5. What percentage increase in sales did Heinz make?

2-الاقتصاد

(1) Economics is the study of how wealth is created and distributed. By wealth, we mean anything of value, including the products produced and sold by business. How wealth is distributed simply means who gets what.” Experts often use economics to explain the choices we make and how these choices change as we cope with the demands of everyday life. In simple terms, individuals, businesses, governments and society must make decisions that reflect what is important to each group at a particular time. For example, suppose you want to take a weekend trip to some exotic vacation spot, and you also want to begin an investment program Because of your financial resources, though you cannot do both, so you must decide what is most important Business firms, governments, and to some extent society face the same types of decisions. Each group must deal with scarcity when making important decisions. In this case, scarcity means “lack of resources money. time natural resources, and so on – that are needed to satisfy a want or need.
(2) Today, experts often study economic problems from two different erspectives: microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics is the study of the decisions made by individuals and businesses. Microeconomics, for example examines how the prices of homes affect the number of homes individuals will buy On the other hand, macroeconomics is the study of the national economy and the global economy. Macroeconomics examines the economic effect of national income, unemployment, inflation taxes, government spending interest rates. and similar factors on a nation and society.

6. What is the writer’s main purpose in the passage?

7. What is one important idea that the writer mentions about macroeconomics? 

8. What is one important idea that the writer mentions about scarcity? 

3-الكتابة الأكاديمية

1) There are four main types of academic writing and each of these writing styles is used for a specific purpose.
2) Expository writing is one of the most common types of writing. When an author writes in an expository style, all they are trying to do is to explain a concept, imparting information from themselves to a wider audience. Expository writing does not include the author’s opinion but focused on accepted facts about a topic, including statistics or other evidence.
3) Descriptive writing is often found in fiction, though it can make an appearance in nonfiction as well (memories, first hand, accounts of events, or travel guides). When an author writes in a descriptive style, they are painting a picture in words of a person, place or thing for their audience. The author might employ a metaphor or other literary devices in order to describe the author’s impressions. But the author is not trying to convince the audience of anything or explain the scene.
4) Persuasive writing is the main style of writing used in academic papers. When the author writes in a persuasive style, they are trying to convince the audience of a position or belief. Persuasive writing contains the author’s as evidence of the correctness of their position. Any “argumentative” Essay written in school should be in the persuasive style of writing.
5) Narrative writing is used almost every longer. Piece of writing, whether fiction or nonfictions. When an author writes in a narrative style, they are not trying to import information, they are trying to construct and communicative a story, complete with characters, conflict and settings.

9. What is the main idea of the passage?

10. What does Paragraph (2) say about expository writing? 

11. Which sentence gives the main idea of Paragraph (3)? 

12. What does Paragraph (3) say about descriptive writing? 

13. Which sentence gives the main idea of Paragraph (4)? 

14. What does Paragraph (5) say about narrative writing?

4-تأثير الثقافة على استراتيجيات التسويق

(1) In marketing, a seller must understand the ways that consumers in different countries think about and use certain products before planning a marketing program. There are often surprises. For example, the average French man uses almost twice as many cosmetics and grooming devices as his wife. The Germans and the French eat more packaged branded spaghetti than Italians do. Some 49 percent of Chinese eat on the way to work. Most American women let down their hair and take off their makeup at bedtime, whereas 15 percent of Chinese women style their hair at bedtime and 11 percent put on makeup.
(2) Business norms and behavior also vary from country to country. For example, American executives like to get right down to business and engage in fast and tough face-to-face bargaining. However Japanese and other Asian businesspeople often find this behavior offensive. They prefer to start with polite conversation, and they rarely say no in face-to-face conversations. As another example, South Americans like to sit or stand very close to each other when they talk business – in fact, almost nose- tonose. The American business executive tends to keep backing away as the South American moves closer. Both may end up being offended.
(3) By the same token, companies that understand cultural differences can use them to their advantage when positioning products and preparing campaigns internationally. Consider LG electronics, the $63 billion-dollar South Korean electronics, telecommunications and appliance powerhouse. LG now operates in more than 60 countries and captures more than 81 percent of its sales from markets outside its home country. LG’s global success rests on understanding and catering to the unique characteristics of each local market through in-country research, manufacturing and marketing.

15. What is one important idea about marketing in Paragraph (1)?

16. What is one important idea about offensive behavior in Paragraph (2)?

17. What is a major difference in bargaining style between American and South American businesspeople?

18. What makes LG so internationally successful? 

19. What is the main topic of the passage? 

5-مجاعة البطاطس الإيرلندية

(1) Under British rule, three quarters of Irish farmland was used to grow crops that were exported. The potato was the main source of food for most of the Irish people. In 1845, disaster struck. A blight or disease destroyed the potato crop. Other crops, such as wheat and oats, were not affected. Yet British landowners continued to ship these crops outside Ireland, leaving little for the Irish except the blighted potatoes. The result was a terrible famine that the Irish called the ‘Great Hunger’. In four years, about one million Irish men, women and children died of starvation or disease. Many more emigrated to the United States and Canada. The Great Hunger left a legacy of Irish bitterness toward the English.
(2) In the 1850s, some Irish militants organized the Fenian Brotherhood. Its goal was to liberate Ireland from British rule by force. In the 1870s, moderate Irish nationalists found a rousing leader in Charles Parnell. He rallied Irish members of Parliament to press for home rule, or local self- government. The debate dragged on for ages.
(3) The ‘Irish question’ disrupted English Politics. At times, political parties were so deeply split over the Irish question that they could not take care of other business. As prime minister, Gladstone pushed for reforms in Ireland, he ended the use of Irish tax money to support the British and tried to ease the hardship of Irish tenant farmers. New laws prevented landlords from charging unfair rents and protected the rights of tenants to the land they worked.
(4) Finally, in 1914. Parliament passed a home rule law. But it delayed putting the new law into effect when World War 1 broke out that year. The southern counties of Ireland finally became independent in 1921.

20. What does Paragraph (1) say about the Great Hunger?

21. Why does the writer use the word Yet in Paragraph (1)? 

22. How did the Irish deal with the problems that followed the Great Hunger?

23. What does the writer think about the “Irish question”?

24. How did prime minister Gladstone deal with the Irish question? 

6-مرض بكتيري

How do bacteria cause disease?
(1) Disease-causing agents are called pathogens. Although pathogens can come from any taxonomic group. bacteria and viruses are among the most common. All currently known prokaryotic pathogens are bacteria. This is why the discussion here is restricted to pathogenic bacteria, and it excludes archaea. However, in the future scientists may well discover that some archaea are associated with disease.
(2) The French chemist Louis Pasteur was the first person to show convincingly that bacteria cause disease. Pasteur helped to establish what has become known as the germ theory of disease when he showed that bacteria were responsible for a number of human and animal diseases.
Disease Mechanisms
(3) Bacteria produce disease in one of two general ways. Bacteria cause disease by destroying living cells or by releasing chemicals that upset homeostasis. Some bacteria destroy living cells and tissues of the infected organism directly, while some cause tissue damage when they provoke a response from the immune system. Other bacteria release toxins (poisons) that interfere with the normal activity of the host.
Damaging Host Tissue
(4) One example of a pathogen that damages host tissue is the bacterium that causes tuberculosis. This pathogen is inhaled into the lungs, where its growth triggers an immune response that can destroy large areas of tissue. The bacterium also may travel through blood vessels to other sites in the body, causing similar damage.
Releasing Toxins
(5) Bacteria that produce toxins include the species that causes diphtheria, and the species responsible for a deadly form of food poisoning known as botulism. Diphtheria has largely been eliminated in developed countries by vaccination, but outbreaks of botulism still claim many lives.

25. What happened because of Louis Pasteur’s research about bacteria?

26. What do toxins made by one species of bacteria cause? 

27. What is one negative effect of tuberculosis?

28. The word produce in paragraph (3) is closest in meaning to ………

29. The word growth in paragraph (4) is closest in meaning to ………

30. The word response in paragraph (4) is closest in meaning to ………

7-فراولة كاليفورنيا

(1) Agricultural abundance is a pillar of the California dream. In 2016 the state turned out more than $45 billion worth of meat, milk and crops. Long before nutritionists agreed that fresh fruits and vegetables should be the center of American diets, California farmers had planted much of their land in these products, and today they produce half of the nation’s fruits, vegetables and nuts.
(2) But although fruits and vegetables are vaunted as healthy foods, their impact as crops is quite different. On many California produce farms wages are low, working conditions are poor and farmers use enormous quantities of pesticides and precious water. This is the central contradiction of California agriculture
(3) California’s strawberry industry is the state’s sixth most important commodity in terms of the value of crops sold. Strawberries are attractive reasonably nutritious and occasionally tasty fruits and can be grown and eaten within California nearly year-round. But the industry’s growth has relied on heavy use of toxic chemicals and now growers face heightened restrictions on some of their most favored chemicals: soil fumigants.
(4) Unfortunately, less toxic or non-chemical strategies that would allow strawberries to be grown for a mass market, maintaining affordable prices, are elusive and likely to remain so.
(5) Although strawberry production once was scattered throughout the state, by the 1960s, it had concentrated in coastal zones to take advantage of sandy soils and mild temperatures. Thereafter, the industry saw tremendous growth in productivity. In Monterey and Santa Cruz counties alone, acreage more than tripled and production increased tenfold from 1960 to 2014. Much of this growth was enabled by advances in plant breeding and use of plastic tarps to absorb heat, allowing growers to increase the length of strawberry seasons.
(6) But the main driver of growth has been the use of pre plant chemical fumigants. Growers hire pest control companies to fumigate soils before planting strawberries in order to kill soil-borne pests most importantly, plant pathogens such as Verticillium dahliae and Macrophomina phaseolina Without such treatment, these pathogens cause strawberry plants to wilt and die.
(7) Now, however, the industry’s fumigant of choice methyl bromide can no longer be used in strawberry fruit production. In 1991 methyl bromide was banned under the Montreal Protocol on Substances that used in nursery production to ensure that starter plants are virus- and pathogen-free. One potential replacement, methyl iodide, was approved for use in late 2010. But it was withdrawn from the market in 2012, following an activist campaign and lawsuit that accused California regulators of performing an inadequate review of potential health risks to workers and the general public. Among other things, the chemical is a known neurotoxin and carcinogen.
(9) Other fumigants are still allowed, but their use is increasingly restricted by buffer zones and township quotas. Consequently, growers are contending with heightened levels of plant disease, some from pathogens that had never before been evident in California strawberry fields.
(10) Can California find a less toxic way to raise 90 percent of the nation’s
fresh strawberries? Although the strawberry industry is investing significant resources into non chemical alternatives to manage soil-borne disease, the obstacles are formidable. The entire production system, including reliance on fumigants, is embedded into the cost of land.
(11) Fumigation has allowed growers to plant on the same blocks of land. year after year, and not worry about soil disease. With fumigation available to control.
(12) Together these innovations have allowed growers to keep prime strawberry land in production every year for much of the year, yielding exceptional amounts of fruit. High land prices reflect these expectations and make it unprofitable to grow strawberries using less intensive methods. The Pacific Ocean’s natural summer air-conditioning is attractive to suburbanites as well as strawberries, so coastal development is putting additional pressure on the cost of strawberry land while at the same time increasing public pressure to control use of fumigants.
(13) Informed and concerned consumers ingrained with California’s deep culture of environmentalism have turned to organic strawberries, which they see as a more sustainable option. As conventional growers took note of this vibrant market, organic strawberry production
rose fivefold between 2000 and 2012, to reach about 3,300 acres planted in 2017, which represents 12 percent of all strawberry acreage.
(14) But although organic growers use non-chemical soil fumigation methods or rotate strawberries with crops that have a mild disease suppressing effect, such as broccoli, few of them fundamentally alter the production system in other ways.
(15) A small but dedicated set of growers have learned how to raise strawberries for the long haul without fumigants. However, even they use starter plants produced on fumigated soil, since no nurseries produce organic plants. Crucially, for these growers strawberries are a minor crop in what are otherwise highly diversified systems. And most of these producers are located outside of prime strawberry growing regions, where land is cheaper. Their approach therefore is not nearly replicable for growers producing for the mass market.
(16) These exceptions tell us as much about the limits of California strawberry production as does mainstream production. Consumers who want organic strawberries must be willing to live with compromises, pay premium prices. For others, the dream of affordable year-round strawberries grown without toxic chemicals is already an impossible one.

31. What are two plant pathogens that harm strawberries?

32. Between which years did organic strawberry production rise by fivefold?

8-علم الطب الشرعي

Forensic science is the application of science to answer questions related to the law. Biologists as well as chemists and biochemists can be forensic scientists. Forensic scientists provide scientific evidence for use in courts, and their job involves examining trace material associated with crimes. Interest in forensic science has increased in the last few years, possibly because of popular television shows that feature forensic scientists on the job. Also, the development of molecular techniques and the establishment of DNA databases have updated the types of work that forensic scientists can do. Their job activities are primarily related to crimes against people such as murder and assault. Their work involves analyzing samples such as hair, blood. and other body fluids and also processing DNA found in many different environments and materials.

33. The word evidence in the passage is closest in meaning to ………………..

34. The word examining in the passage is closest in meaning to ………………

9-التنويم المغناطيسي

(1) Those who study hypnosis agree that its power resides not in the hypnotist but in the subject’s openness to suggestion. To some extent, nearly everyone is suggestible. When people standing upright with their eyes closed are told repeatedly that they are swaying back and forth, most will indeed sway a little. In fact, postural sway is one of the items on the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale that assesses a person’s hypnotizability. During the assessment, a hypnotist gives a brief hypnotic induction and then presents a series of suggested experiences that range from easy (one’s outstretched arms will move together) to difficult (with eyes open one will see a nonexistent person).
(2) Those who are highly hypnotizable – say, the 20 percent who can carry out a suggestion not to smell or react to a bottle of ammonia held under the nose – are still likely to be the most hypnotizable 25 years later. These hypnotically susceptible people, frequently become deeply absorbed in imaginative activities. Typically, they have rich fantasy lives and easily become absorbed in the imaginary events of a novel or movie. Many researchers therefore refer to hypnotic.

35. What we can understand about hypnosis?

10-القيادة

Passage A: Aristocratic leadership:
(1) This is also sometimes termed authoritarian leadership. It refers to a leadership or management style which assumes that information and decision making are best kept at the top of the organization.
It is also characterized by:
– One-way communication (down ward).
– Minimal delegation or decentralization.
– Close supervision of employees.
(2) Martha Stewart, An American enter renew, build up a vast global business venture, including publishing, television broad casting and online commerce, despite, or perhaps of her reputation as an autocratic leader, unlike this style, the leader determines objectives, allocate tasks and expects obedience from subordinates. In these circumstances employees become very dependent upon the leader as they do not have the necessary information (or confidence) to act on their own initiative.
(3) Organization managed in an authoritarian style can face difficulties. People avoid making decisions so that matters to be decided are either passed up for the decisions to be made at a higher level, or decision are made by committees as it is more difficult to dismiss all the members of a committee for jointly making a wrong decision senior management tends to be overworked and stud turnover tends to be high. This style of leadership becomes difficult to operate successfully as an organization grows.
(4) As with all the behavior leadership classifications the term autocratic manager covers a spectrum styles. Extreme autocratic management with result in subordinated having no freedom of action. More evident autocratic leadership will allow for possibility of some discussion or persuasion. This implies that limited two-way communication may occur.
Passage B: Democratic leadership
(1) Democratic leadership (sometimes called participative leadership entails operating a business according to decisions agreed by the majority decision may be agreed formally through a voting system but are more likely to the result of informal discussions. Typically, democratic leadership encourages some of the following:
– The leader delegates a great deal and encourages decentralization.
– The leader and subordinator discuss issues and employee participation actively encouraged.
– The leader acts upon advice, and explains the reasons for decisions.
– Subordinates have greater control over their own working lives.
(2) The successful operation of this style requires excellent communication skills on the part of the leader and the ability to generate effective two-way communications. A considerable amount of management time may be spent on communication in one form or another. This approach, helps to develop the skills of subordinates and generally results in a more satisfied work form.

37. What can we understand from passages A and B about leadership?

38. According to passages A and B, what type of communication can take place in both leadership styles? 

39. What can we understand from Passages A and B about leadership styles?