Model 37

1-نظام التشغيل

(1) A computer is a set of resources for the movement, storage, and processing of data and for the control of these functions. The OS is responsible for managing these resources.
(2) Can we say that it is the OS that controls the movement, storage, and processing of data? From one point of view, the answer is yes: By managing the computer’s resources, the OS is in control of the computer’s basic functions. But this control is exercised in a curious way. Normally, we think of a control mechanism as something external to that which is controlled, or at least as something that is a distinct and separate part of that which is controlled. For example, a residential heating system is controlled by a thermostat, which is separate from the heat- generation and heat-distribution apparatus.) This is not the case with the OS which as a control mechanism is unusual in two respects:
● The OS functions is the same way as ordinary computer software; that is, it is a program or suite of programs executed by the processor.
● The OS frequently relinquishes control and must depend on the processor to allow it to regain control.
(3) Like other computer programs, the OS provides instructions for the processor. The key difference is in the intent of the program. The OS directs the processor in the use of the other system resources and in the timing of its execution of other programs; But in order for the processor to do any of these things, it must cease executing, the OS program and execute other programs. Thus, the OS relinquishes control for the processor to do some “useful” work and then resumes control long enough to prepare the processor to do the next piece of work.

1)What was the writer’s main purpose?

2) What is one important idea that the writer mentions?

2-حاسّة السمع

Within the inner ear, thousands of hair cells detect sound waves and translate them into nerve signals that allow us to hear speech, music, and other everyday sounds. Damage to these cells is one of the leading causes of hearing loss, which affects 48 million Americans.
(1) Each of us is born with about 15,000 hair cells per ear. And once damaged. These cells cannot regrow. However. Researches at MIT. Brigham and Women’s Hospital. And Massachusetts Eye and Ear have now discovered a combination of drugs that expands the population of progenitor cells (also called supporting cells) in the ear and encourages them to become hair cells, offering a potential new way to treat hearing loss.
(2) Because this treatment involves a simple drug exposure, the researchers believe it could be easy to administer it to human patients. They envision that the drugs could be injected into the middle ear. From which they would diffuse across a membrane into the inner ear. This type of injection is commonly performed to treat ear infections.
(3) Hearing loss is a real problem as people get older. It’s very much of an unmet need, and this is an entirely new approach.

3. What is the author’s main purpose?

4. What is one important idea that the author mentions?

5. What is one important idea that the author mentions?

3-الوظائف والفروقات

(1) Jobs that are dangerous or unpleasant must pay more than jobs requiring similar skills but without the bad attributes. Thus, oil field workers in Alaska’s North Slope, well above the Arctic Circle, earn a premium over workers in similar jobs in Houston, Texas. The premium – or differential pay – must be such that the marginal worker is indifferent between the two choices – the extra pay compensates the worker for the adverse working conditions. This is why it I known in economics jargon by the phrase of a compensating differential.
(2) The high salaries earned by professional basketball players are not compensating differentia. These salaries are not created by a need to induce tall people to choose basketball over alternative jobs like painting ceilings, but instead are payments that reflect the rarity of the skills and abilities involved. Compensating differentials are determined by alternatives, not by direct scarcity. Professional basketball players are well-paid for the same reason that Picasso’s paintings are expensive: there aren’t very many of them relative to demand.
(3) A compensating differential is a feature of other choices as well as career choices. For example, many people would like to live in California. for its weather and scenic beauty. Given the desirability of California over, say, Lincoln, Nebraska or Rochester, New York, there must be a compensating differential for living in Rochester, and two significant ones are air quality and housing prices. Air quality worsens as populations rise. thus tending to create a compensating differential. In addition, the increase in housing prices also tends to compensate – housing is inexpensive in Rochester, at least compared to California.

6) what does paragraph (1) say about Houston, Texas?

7) What does Paragraph (1) say about oil field workers in Alaska?

8) What does Paragraph (2) say about why basketball players have high salaries?

9) What does Paragraph (3) say about California?

10) What does Paragraph (3) say about Rochester?

11) Which sentience gives the main idea of paragraph (3)?

12) What is the main idea of the passage?

4-التجنيد

Passage A: External Recruiting
(1) External recruiting is the attempt to attract job applicants from outside an organization. External recruiting may include recruiting via newspaper advertising, employment agencies, and online employment organizations; recruiting on college campuses, soliciting recommendations from present employees; and conducting «open houses». The biggest of the online job-search sites is Monster.com, which has almost all the Fortune 500 companies, as well as small and medium-sized businesses, as clients. In addition, many people simply apply at a firm’s employment office.
(2) Clearly, it is best to match the recruiting means with the kind of applicant being sought. For example, private employment agencies most often handle professional people, whereas public employment agencies (operated by state or local governments) are more concerned with operations personnel. We might approach a private agency when looking for a vice president but contact a public agency to hire a machinist. Procter and Gamble hires graduates directly out of college. It picks the best and brightest – not those «tainted» by another company’s culture. It promotes its own «inside» people. This policy makes sure that the company retains the best and brightest and trains new recruits. Procter and Gamble pays competitively and offers positions in many countries. Employee turnover is very low.
(3) The primary advantage of external recruiting is that it brings in people with new perspectives and varied business backgrounds. A disadvantage of external recruiting is that it is often expensive, especially if private employment agencies must be used. External recruiting also may provoke resentment among present employees.
Passage B:Internal Recruiting
(1) Internal recruiting means considering present employees. Among leading companies ? promoted from within. In the companies that hire CEOs from outside, 40 percent of CEOs are gone after 18 months.
(2) Promoting from within provides strong motivation for current employees and helps the firm to retain quality personnel. General Electric, ExxonMobil, and Eastman Kodak are companies dedicated to promoting from within. The practice of job posting, or informing current employees of upcoming openings, may be a company policy or required by union contract. The primary disadvantage of internal recruiting is that promoting a current employee leaves another position to be filled. Not only does the firm still incur recruiting and selection costs, but it also must train two employees instead of one.
(3) In many situations it may be impossible to recruit internally. For example, a new position may be such that no current employee is qualified, or the firm may be growing so rapidly that there is no time to reassign positions that promotion or transfer requires. Unions are culturally specific to countries other than Saudi Arabia, so test takers may not be familiar with «union contract».

13. According to Passages A and B, what is the benefit of promoting within a company?

14. What can we understand from Passages A and B about recruiting?

15. What can we understand from Passages A and B about promoting employees?

16. What can we understand from both passages about internal and external recruiting?

5-فقدان الطاقة

(1) No system can be perfect in the way it operates. Whenever there is a change in a system, energy is transferred and some of that energy is dissipated.
(2) Dissipation is a term that is often used to describe ways in which energy is wasted. Any energy that is not transferred to useful energy stores is said to be wasted because it is lost to the Surroundings. Electrical cables Warming up are a good example of this. It is not useful to have hot wires behind a television as energy is dissipated to the surrounding air.
(3) In a mechanical system, energy is dissipated when two surfaces rub together, work is done against friction which camass heading of the two surface – so the internal (thermal) energy of the surface increases adding Lubricant between the surfaces reduce this friction and so less heat is wasted, like on a conveyor belt for example.
(4) In an electrical context – new types of components can be more energy – efficient, for example, using LED light bulbs as opposed to filament lamps causes less energy to be wasted. Normally. Energy is lost by heating up the surroundings though sometimes energy is dissipated as sound waves.

17) What’s the writer’s main purpose?

18) What is one important point that the writer mentions?

19) What is one important point that the writer mentions?

6-مشاكل التصميم

Basic engineering design includes defining the problem as a first step. In the problem definition step, the needs of potential customers are investigated. Potential competitors are identified and their market positions are characterized: constraints imposed by government regulations or technological limitations are identified, and constraints on the design effort such as available personnel, time, and money are established. The problem definition process results in a clear understanding of the scope of the design project and the resources available to solve the design problem. This understanding is often expressed in a problem statement. This understanding is also expressed in the form of criteria and constraints.

20) The word potential in the passage is closest in meaning to ……

21) The word criteria in the passage is closest in manning to ……

7-الأهرامات

Pyramids were constructed by large work gangs over a period of many years. The Pyramid Age spans over a thousand years, starting in the third dynasty and ending in the Second Intermediate Period. The Greek historian Herodotus was told that it took 100,000 men and 20 years to build the Great Pyramid at Giza. Scholars today, however, think it may have been built by only 20,000 men over 20 years. One theory suggests that causeways were used to haul the stone blocks on wooden sleds up the side of the pyramids. The ramps were lubricated with water to reduce friction when hauling the blocks. As few as 10 men were needed to drag a stone block up a ramp. There may have been several ramps on each side of the pyramid at different levels, and a ramp may have been coiled around the pyramid as it grew in height. Once a stone block reached its desired level, wooden rockers may have been used to manoeuvre it into position. The Ramp Theory is considered by far the most accepted by the Egyptology community who believe that the pyramid was made by sheer will and human power suing a massive workforce and incredible intelligence in transporting the stones across the desert through sleds and ropes. They used wet sand to drag the stones to reduce the fraction and make the dragging process easier.

22) How many workers did they need to build the pyramids?

23) How did they build the pyramids?

24) what did they use to build the pyramids?

8-البيتزا في إيطاليا

1- Pizza, which originated in Italy. Is a fast food that is known and loved all around the world. How did it become so popular? Part of the reason is that tourists who went to Italy ate it there and loved it. When they returned to their countries, They looked for Italian restaurants that might have it. But much more significant in pizza becoming popular worldwide that fact that lots of American soldiers who were in Italy during World War II ate it there and then wanted it when they returned to the USA. This dramatic increase in the demand for pizza in the 1950s led to the development of special restaurants for pizza.
2 – A shaky pizza parlor opened in California in 1954 which led to the first pizza restaurant chain that spread throughout the USA and even to other countries. Soon after that, in 1958, Two young men opened a Pizza Hut in Kanas. Now there are Pizza Huts all over the world. Other Pizza restaurants chains soon developed. For example. Domino’s Pizza can be found all over the world. Papa John’s Pizza has also become quite popular. This ever growing demand for pizza led to a market for ready-to-bake frozen pizzas in supermarkets. Now pizzas can easily be enjoyed not only in restaurants. But also at home and even in school and hospital cafeterias.
3 – Pizza is a kind of dish that can adapt well in different societies. The ingredients for pizza can change to fit the taste and desires of a particular culture. The key reason enabling it to gain worldwide popularity. Vegetarians – there are many in India and other countries – can simply ask for vegetables only on a pizza. Beef, Pork, Lamb, or goat – the choice of meat differs from country to country – can be used. Those who like spicy food can add their favorite spices. Dessert pizzas are readily available with or without fruit. Seafood? No problem. Add to this variety of ingredients the different styles of pizza: deep dish, thin crust, stuffed crust, and the result is a dish that is adaptable to everyone’s taste.
4- While pizza is not exactly a health food since it tends to be high in calories. It can in fact contain a decent amount of vitamins and minerals due to the wide range of possible ingredients. Pizza can therefore be nutritious. All of these factors help explain the worldwide popularity of pizza.

25) The word there in paragraph 1 refers to……………

26) According to paragraph (2), the first pizza parlor opened in ……

27)According to paragraph (2), supermarkets began to offer frozen pizzas because they ……..

28)According to paragraph (3), the main reason for pizzas becoming popular worldwide is their ability to …………….

29) According to paragraph (4) Pizza can have a fair amount of vitamins and minerals because it has…………………..

30)According to paragraph (4), Pizza is NOT a good example of a health food because it is ………

31) What is the best title for the passage?

9-مدائن صالح

In 2008, Mada’inSaleh was made a UNESCO World Heritage site. This means that it has become recognized as a place of historical and cultural importance in the world. It is the only one of Saudi Arabia’s 4,000 archeological sites to be honored in this way.
2) Mada’inSaleh is located about 400 kilometers north-west of Medina. Its early history is well known by all Muslims. The Holy Quran tells us how its people were punished by Allah. The site had been settled by the tribe of Thamud. When prophet Saleh – Peace be upon him – warned them to stop their bad practices and to obey Allah. They refused to listen to him. They killed a sacred camel that was sent to them. Finally. He – peace be upon him- told the Thamud that if they did not change their ways and repent in three days. They would be destroyed. They disbelieved and paid no attention to his words. So he – peace be upon him – and the true believers left the city. The rest were all killed by terrible lightning and an earthquake.
3) The buildings and monuments that we can see today at Mada’inSaleh are from a later time and are remnants of the great Nabatean Kingdom. Other famous buildings of this civilization are found in northern Syria and in Petra in Jordan. Which was the Nabatean capital. The Nabateans also developed a system of agriculture by digging wells and storing water underground. At Mada’inSaleh. There are wonderful examples of their rock- cut tombs. The facades decorated with elaborately carved designs. The dry desert climate has helped to preserve the buildings and keep them in excellent condition.

53)According to paragraph (1), why is Mada’inSaleh important in Saudi Arabia and the world today?

32) The word sites in Paragraph (1) is closet in meaning to ………….

33) The pronoun Its in Paragraph (2) refers to “

34)According to Paragraph (2), Prophet Saleh – peace be upon him – left Mada’inSaleh because he “

35) According to Paragraph (3), Petra………………

36) Which of the following did the Nabteans NOT do?

10-البنسيلين

(1) Penicillin is a powerful drug used for treating many diseases caused by bacteria. It is grown from molds and was the first of the drugs known as antibiotics. Penicillin was discovered in 1928 by a British scientist named Sir Alexander Fleming. Through other had earlier noted its antibacterial effects. At the time, its importance was not realized. In 1939, Australian scientist Howard Walter Florey and a team of researchers at the University of Oxford made significant progress in showing the bacterial action of penicillin.

37) Penicillin was discovered by ………………..

11-مدغشقر

Madagascar is world-famous for its lemurs, primates that look something like a cat crossed with a squirrel and a dog. These animals are unique to the island and display a range of interesting behaviors.The ring-tailed lemur, the most recognizable of the species, relies strongly on its sense of smell and marks its territory with scent glands.

38) The word its in the passage refers to …………….