Model 40

1-حريق هائل

(1) Over the roar of the fire, Mike heard Ben shout, “Hurry! The fire is almost on us!” Mike’s arms were sore and tired, but he swung his axe even faster. He didn’t even stop to wipe the tears from his stinging eyes. The greedy fire kept coming. The more the fire destroyed, the more it wanted. Mike worked shoulder to shoulder with the other smokejumpers to build a firebreak. His only thought was to stop the flaming monster that was raging through the forest.
(2) At last, the smokejumpers finished the firebreak. If the fire were powerful enough, it would jump over the firebreak that they had worked so hard to make. Then they would have to start all over again. Mike stood motionless, his face black with ash, his shirt wet with sweat. He was too exhausted to move because he had given all of himself to fighting the fire. He turned his head and noticed Ben watching him.
(3) Suddenly all that Ben had taught Mike about proving his bravery was clear. A man was not brave if he did something just to prove his courage. He was brave only when he forgot about himself. Today Mike had showed that he cared very much about the others with whom he was working.

1. According to Paragraph (2), Mike was too exhausted to move because ………

2. According to Paragraph (3), Ben taught Mike that being brave involves……….

3. The pronoun his in Paragraph (3) refers to ………

4. According to Paragraph 1), Mike’s only thought as he tried to put out the fire was

5. The word greedy in Paragraph (1) means wanting ———

2-تلوث الهواء

( 1 )Air pollution is a major problem all over the world today. Scientific research now shows us that indoor air pollution be a much greater danger than outdoor pollution. In one 2009 study, researchers found 586 chemicals in the air of 52 typical homes in Arizona, USA. In today’s society, most people spend up to 90% of their time inside buildings. When there inadequate ventilation and no access to fresh air, all the harmful elements are kept inside. This condition is known “sick building syndrome” and is made worse because we seal our buildings tightly to reduce energy costs.
( 2 ) Air pollution describes the chemicals and gases that enter the cause harm to people , animals , and their environment . Two of the worst types of pollution we experience in the world are outdoor air quality in cities and indoor air Pollution . To solve the problem of air Pollution . It is necessary to understand the causes and look for ways to fix them .
( 3 ) Human activities have been the main causes of air Pollution , especially in modern cities .To support a larger population , there is always a need for energy . Transportation , and industries , which result in the spread of harmful chemicals into the air . In addition to outdoor air pollution , there is another type of pollution the air quality around and inside buildings and structures is known as indoor air quality indoor air quality has a direct effect on the comfort and health of the people inside a building . Some of the common sources of indoor air pollution include chemicals and cleaning products used in homes and offices .
( 4 ) There are some simple things people can do to help keep the air around them cleaner . For example , people can use less energy because the more we use sources of energy , like electricity and gasoline , the more air Pollution we create , People can ride a bicycle or walk.

6. What does Paragraph ( 1 ) say about air pollution ?

7. Why does the writer use the words ” In addition ” in Paragraph ( 2 ) ?

8. How can we improve outdoor air pollution ?

9. Which word can we use to replace the words ” for example ” in Paragraph ( 3 ) ?

10. What does the writer think about ordinary people reducing air pollution ?

11.How much of their time do most people spend inside buildings these days?

12. Why does bad air stay inside buildings?

3-العادات والتغذية

Passage A : Environmental Causes of Obesity
( 1 ) Genetic factors are the forces inside you that cause you and stay overweight . On the other hand , environmental factors are the outside forces that contribute to these problems . They include anything in our environment that makes us more likely to eat too much or exercise too little . Taken together , experts think that environmental factors are the driving force for the causes of obesity and its dramatic rise .
( 2 ) Environmental influences come into play very early in life , even before we are born .Researchers believe that the environment surrounding babies before they are born determines how they will develop later on in life . For example , babies of mothers who smoked during pregnancy are more likely to become overweight or develop a disease than those whose mothers did not smoke .
(3) childhood habits often stick with people for the rest of their lives . Kids who drink sodas and other drinks that contain sugar and eat high calorie foods develop a taste ! for these products and continue eating them as adults , These behaviors tend to promote weight gain . Similarly , kids who watch television and play video games instead of being active may be programming themselves for a sedentary future , which involves sitting down a lot rather than moving around .
( 4 ) In short , today’s environment promotes obesity by encouraging us to eat more and exercise less . There is also growing evidence that broader aspects of the way we live – such as how much we sleep , our stress levels , and other psychological factors can affect weight as well .
Passage B : The Food Factor in Obesity
( 1 ) Today , Americans are eating more calories on average than they did in the 1970s . Experts believe that what is driving this trend is a combination of the increased availability and bigger portions of higher calorie foods .
( 2 ) Food is readily available practically everywhere we go – shopping stadiums , movie theaters . Today more Americans are eating outside the home . For example ,Americans spent 27 % of their food budget on food they are outside the home ; by 2006 , that percentage had risen to 46 % .
( 3 ) In the 1950s , fast – food restaurants offered one portion size . Today , portion sizes have suddenly increased , a trend that has spread in many other types of food , from cookies to sandwiches . For example , a single ” supersized ” meal may contain 1,500 -2.000 calories , which are equal to all the calories that most people need for entire day .
( 4 ) This is important because research shows that people will often eat what is in front of them , even if they are already full . We are also eating more high calorie foods ( especially salty snacks , soft drinks , and pizza ) , which are much more readily available than lower calorie choices , like salads and whole fruits . Research also shows that what children eat when they are younger will affect what they will eat as they grow older . Children who eat fast – food are likely to continue to eat this type A of food later on life , which would cause , them many health problems. Doctors are now encouraging parents to help their children to develop healthy eating habits from a younger age in order ta avoid future health complications .

13. What can we understand from passages A and B about habits ?

14. What do passages A and B say about the cause of obesity ?

15. What can we understand from passages A and B about soft drinks ?

16. What do passages A and B say about today’s environment ?

4-علم النفس

(1) Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior. The word “psychology” comes from the Greek words “psyche, meaning life, and “logos,” meaning explanation. Psychology is a popular major for students, a popular topic in the public media, and a part of our everyday lives. Television shows often feature psychologists who provide personal advice to those with personal or family difficulties. Crime dramas such as CSI, Lie to Me, and others feature the work of forensic psychologists who use psychological principles to help solve crimes. And many people have direct knowledge about psychology because they have visited psychologists, for instance, school counselors, family therapists, and religious, marriage, or bereavement counselors.
(2) Because we are frequently exposed to the work of psychologists in our everyday lives, we all have an idea about what psychology is and what psychologists do. In many ways, your conceptions are probably correct. Psychologists do work in forensic fields, and they do provide counseling and therapy for people in distress. But there are hundreds of thousands of psychologists in the world, and most of them work in other places, doing work that you are probably now aware of.
(3) Most psychologists work in research laboratories, hospitals, and other field settings where they study the behavior of humans and animals. For instance, experts in the Psychology Department at the University of Maryland study such diverse topics as anxiety in children, the interpretation of dreams, the effects of caffeine on thinking, how birds recognize each other, how people from different cultures react differently in negotiation. Psychologists also work in schools and businesses, and they use a variety of methods, including observation, questionnaires, interviews, and laboratory studies, to help them understand behavior.

17- What do psychologists do to help people who are not happy in their lives?

18- Why does the writer use the word “Because” in Paragraph (2)?

19- What does the passage say about the work of most psychologists?

20- Which word can we use to replace the word “But” in paragraph (2)?

21- What does the writer think about our knowledge of psychology?

5-جائزة الملك فيصل العالمية

The King Faisal Prize is an annual award sponsored by King Faisal Foundation allocates to “dedicated men and women whose contributions make a positive difference”. It is held once a year in January of each year and the handover ceremony is within two months of the announcement of the winner.
The foundation awards prizes in five categories: Service to Islam; Islamic studies; the Arabic language and Arabic literature; science; and medicine. The prize in each of the five categories consists of: cash, medal, or even certificates. The number of people who received the Faisal Prize 253 represents 44 countries.

22.According to paragraph 1), the King Faisal Prize is awarded ……….

23.The recipients of the King Faisal Prize receive………….

6- جزر هاواي

1) The formation of the Hawaiian Islands was very different from the formation of the continents. Geologists believe that the islands appeared separately and more recently. According to the geological evidence, they were formed by volcanoes only about 30 million years ago.
2) These volcanoes began when some cracks appeared on the bottom of the Pacific Ocean. Deep under the earth‟s surface, the rocks are very hot, so hot that they are in a liquid from called lava. This lava can sometimes come up through openings on the surface of the earth. The piles of lava slowly build up and become mountains. When the openings are on the ocean floor, the mountains are at first underwater. They may eventually become tall enough to rise above the water and form islands. This is how the Hawaiian Archipelago was created.
3) Younger Hawaiian Islands are still growing. The Big Island of Hawaii has two active volcanoes which are still adding new lava to the island. There are also new islands in the archipelago in the process of formation. Geologists have found an underwater volcano about 30 miles south of the island of Hawaii. Now about 3.000 feet below the surface of the ocean, it will probably rise above the water. Someday, this volcano could become another Hawaiian island.

24-According to Paragraph 1), how and when do geologists say that the islands emerged?

25. The word piles in Paragraph 2) is closest in meaning to..

26. The word it in Paragraph 3) refers to …………….

27. According to Paragraph 3), volcanoes cause the Hawaiian Island to disappear

7-الاستدامة في بنجلاديش

(1) If small, largely urbanized countries such as Singapore and small island states such as the Maldives are not considered, then Bangladesh has the highest population density in the world. At 1,062 people per km2 its population density is about twenty times the global average. It compares with 383 per km2 in India and 141 per km2 in China – two countries that many people associate with over – population. Over – population cannot be judged by population density alone, but it is a useful starting point when considering the relationship between population and resources in a country.
(2) The lack of natural resources is a major factor in over – population in Bangladesh, as is rapid population growth. The current rate of natural increase in Bangladesh is 1.6 per cent. When Bangladesh became an independent country in 1971 its population was about 75 million, just under half of the total today! The Population Reference Bureau estimates that the population of Bangladesh will rise to 183 million by 2025 and 226 million by 2050. There is already intense competition for the available resources in Bangladesh. How will the country cope in the future when it is already experiencing large-scale poverty and so many other problems?
(3) Extremely high population pressure and the deprivation associated with it is characteristic of both rural and urban areas. Four – fifths of the population live in rural areas. The very small amount of cultivable land per person has resulted in a very high level of rural poverty. Most families have to survive on extremely small plots of land. This means that there is not enough work available for many people. About 40 per cent of the population is underemployed, working a limited number of hours a week at low wages. Underemployment is not just confined to the countryside, but affects urban areas too.
(4) The regular threat of cyclones and flooding makes this problem much worse. Eighty per cent of the country is situated on the floodplains of the Ganges, Brahmaputra, Meghna and those ofseveral other minor rivers. Much of the country is close to sea level and about 40 per cent is regularly flooded during the monsoon season. Major floods can cause considerable loss of life and destroy vital infrastructure, often setting back development many years. Where possible, people move to higher land, increasing the already overcrowded nature of such areas. Major floods increase the level of rural -to- urban migration, with the majority of migrants heading for the capital city Dhaka. Other urban areas such as Chittagong, Khulna and Rajshahi are also growing in population at very rapid rates. Around 8,000 hectares of cultivable land is lost every year due to urbanization, industrialization and the expansion of infrastructure. This is potential food production that Bangladesh can ill afford to lose.
(5) Living conditions in Dhaka and the other main urban areas are in a continuous state of deterioration. Many people lack basic amenities such as electricity and clean drinking water. Dhaka has become one of the most crowded cities in the world with a population density of 43,000 per km2. This rapidly growing megacity was recently ranked as the least habitable city among 140 cities surveyed by the Economist Intelligence Unit. The 2012 Human Development Index, which ranks all the countries of the world according to their quality of life, placed Bangladesh 146th in the world.
(6) Land is being lost to rising sea levels, a process associated with global warming. The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has predicted that as sea levels rise, by 2050 about 35 million people from Bangladesh will cross the border into India in search of more secure living conditions.
(7) Poor governance and corruption have undoubtedly hindered development in Bangladesh. However, national and international efforts to improve the lives of the population have registered progress. For example, the World Bank noted in 2013 that the number of people in poverty in Bangladesh had fallen from 63 million in 2000 to 47 million in 2010.

28. What is the population density of Bangladesh?

29. How much of the population lives in rural areas?

30. Which organization noted the number of people in poverty in Bangladesh?